榧属分类学研究

本文对榧属的研究历史作了回顾, 以形态性状为依据, 结合其他学科的研究成果, 对榧属的分类进行了研究, 该属共6种2变种和11个栽培变种, 其中有1新变种(九龙山榧)、1改级新组合(云南榧)和6个新栽培变种。支持根据种子胚乳深皱与微皱建立两个组和榧属为红豆杉科进化类群的观点。     

珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧种群遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术对珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii Hook . f.)遗传多样性水平、分布、濒危原因及物种保护等问题进行了探讨.结果表明:1. 海南粗榧在海南岛的5个取样地点表现出低水平的遗传多样性,对环境变化的适应能力不强; 2. 海南粗榧种群内和种群间的遗传多样性所占比例有很大差异,绝大部分变异分布于种群内(DNA多样性为85.1%);种群间仅有较低程度的分化;3. 人为砍伐、植被破坏、台风、被食及遗传漂变是海南粗榧遗传多样性低水平的主要原因,也是物种濒危的主要原因;4. 对于呈零星分布的濒危植物海南粗榧的研究与保护,应充分考虑个体小环境之间的差异,考察影响小种群的随机因素;5. 应采取有力措施,就地保护现有种群,并寻求适当的方法迅速扩展种群,降低基因丧失率;选择遗传多样性较高且破坏相对较小的黎母岭种群作为保护重点;同时应加强对其他种群的保护与管理;6. 海南粗榧种群内、种群间的遗传多样性在不同引物之间有较大差别;多态性位点百分率则是种群间的变化大于引物间的变化.     

海南粗榧生物生态学特性初步研究

海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii Hook.f.)主产海南,是生产抗癌药物三尖杉酯碱(harringtonine)及高三尖杉酯碱(homoharringtonine)的主要原料。开发利用已有10多年的历史,由于发现该植物的药用价值时,其资源蕴藏量已经很少,经过10多年的开发利用,现已成罕见树种,为国家二级保护植物。进行生物学生态学特性以及繁殖技术研究,可为就地保护、迁地保护及建立原料生产基地提供基础资料。     

长叶榧(Torreya jackii Chun)遗传多样性分析

利用RAPD技术分析了长叶榧(Torreya jackii Chun)的遗传结构,用18个引物对来自福建省泰宁县的3个不同居群的66个长叶榧样本进行分析.结果显示,长叶榧群体水平的多态位点百分率达87%,居群水平的多态位点百分率分别为83%、68%和80%.群体水平上的Nei基因多样性指数为0.247 9,居群水平上分别为0.218 2、0.168 4和0.188 1.群体水平上的平均杂合度达到0.244 7,居群水平上分别为0.221 5、0.172 9和0.195 0.30.35%的遗传变异存在于居群间,69.65%的遗传变异存在于居群内.长叶榧居群的基因流量为1.689 9,显示长叶榧仍具有通过群体间的基因交流来防止遗传漂变造成的群体分化的能力.     

珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧种群遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术对珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧（Cephalotaxus manniiHook.f.)遗传多样性水平,分布、濒危原因及物种保护等问题进行了探讨。结果表明：1、海南粗榧在海南岛的5个取样地点表现出低水平的遗传多样性,对环境变化物适应能力不强;2、海南粗榧种群内和种群间的遗传多样性所占比例有很大差异,绝大部分变异分布于种群内（DAN多样性为85.1%);种群间仅有较低程度的分化;3、人为砍伐,植被破坏,台风、被食用遗传漂变是海南粗榧遗传多样性低水平的主要原因,也是物种濒危的主要原因;4、对于呈零星分布的濒危植物海南粗榧的研究与保护,应充分考虑个体小环境之间的差异。考虑影响小种群的随机因素;5、应采取有力措施,就地保护现有种群,并寻求适当的方法迅速扩展种群,降低基因丧失率;选择遗传多样性较高且破坏相对较小的黎母岭种群作为保护重点;同时应加强对其他种群的保护与管理;6、海南粗榧种群内,种群音质遗传多样性在不同引物之间有较大差别。多态性位点百分率则是种群间的变化大于引物间的变化。     

濒危植物长叶榧的光合生理生态特性

利用Li-6400 XT便携式光合作用仪对林窗、林缘、林下3种生境中的长叶榧(Torreya ackii)在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节里的光合生理生态指标进行测定,探讨3种生境中长叶榧光合能力的季节变化及其对不同光环境的响应,分析其濒危机制,为长叶榧的迁地保护和种群的繁衍复壮提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)林窗、林缘的长叶榧净光合速率(Pn)日变化在夏季呈"双峰"曲线,其它3个季节均呈"单峰"曲线;林下的Pn日变化在4个季节均呈"单峰"曲线。(2)3种生境中最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)均为夏季最高,使得夏季有较强的光合作用能力,但夏季林窗、林缘的长叶榧出现光合"午休"现象,光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)也较高,使得夏季林窗生境的长叶榧日均Pn明显低于于秋季,林缘的日均Pn与秋季差异不显著。(3)4个季节的日均Pn、Pnmax、LSP、Vcmax、Jma、TPU均为林窗最高,林窗与林下差异显著,表明长叶榧具有阳性植物的特点,适宜生长在光照较强的林窗生境。(4)在生长旺盛的夏、秋季,长叶榧的LSP比伴生物种低,LCP比伴生物种高,对光适应的生态幅度较窄;与伴生物种相比,长叶榧的Pn较低,光合能力较弱,在激烈的种间竞争中处于不利地位,可能成为其濒危的一个重要原因。     

海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)不同种群表型结构的数量分析

海南粗榧为科粗榧属常绿乔木 ,雌雄异株[2 ] ,主要分布在海南岛的尖峰岭、黎母山、吊罗山、卡法岭、坝王岭等。其材质均匀 ,纹理细 ,是非常理想的材种 ;同时 ,它的根、茎、叶和果实都含有三尖杉酯碱及高三尖杉酯碱 ,是生产抗癌药物的原材料[2 ,3] 。但由于种种原因 ,目前数量稀少 ,据调查统计 ,胸径超过 10ｃｍ的林木在海南不过 130 0株[3] ,现已陷于濒危境地 ,为国有二级重点保护植物[10 ] 。本文从表型上对不同种群海南粗榧进行了系统调查和分析 ,为进一步探明海南粗榧的种质资源状况 ,探索海南粗榧种群分化和演进 ,同时为就地保护、迁地…     

长叶榧黄酮类化合物含量及成分分析

对长叶榧不同营养器官和不同居群的3种营养器官黄酮类化合物含量进行测定,并利用聚酰胺薄层层析法对黄酮类化合物的成分进行分析。结果表明：（1）长叶榧各个营养器官均含有黄酮类化合物,其含量高低顺序依次是一年生叶>一年生枝>幼根>老根>树皮>老枝>茎;（2）长叶榧不同营养器官其黄酮类化合物的种类有很大的差异,以一年生叶、一年生枝最多,幼根次之,老根、老枝第三,树皮、茎最少;（3）不同长叶榧居群3种营养器官黄酮类化合物含量各不相同,但均以一年生叶最高,一年生枝次之,老枝最低;（4）不同长叶榧居群一年生叶黄酮类化合物含量差异不显著,一年生枝、老枝差异较大;（5）不同长叶榧居群3种营养器官其黄酮类化合物的种类在一年生叶中没有差异,一年生枝中差异较小,老枝中差异较大。     

中药“榧子”的本草考证与原植物调查

中药“榧子”的本草考证与原植物调查陈振德郑汉臣（第二军医大学药学院,上海２００４３３）李金昌朱志明（浙江省诸暨市林科所,诸暨３１１８００）（浙江省仙居县林业局,仙居３１７３００）榧子为红豆杉科（紫杉科）植物榧树ＴｏｒｒｅｙａｇｒａｎｄｉｓＦｏｒｔ．的...     

不同种群海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)遗传多样性研究

采用垂直板型凝胶电泳技术 ,对海南粗榧 5个种群的遗传多样性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :海南粗榧遗传多样性水平低 ,多态位点比率 P=0 .3 3 ,等位基因平均数 A=1 .3 3 ,平均期望杂合度为 He=0 .1 3 5 ,观察杂合度 Ho=0 .1 3 9,黎母山种群所具有的相对丰富的遗传多样性使其成为保护和科研的重点     

Comparative Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem of the Stem in Cephalotaxus

The family Cephalotaxaceae contains only one genus, Cephalotaxus, with 9 species and some varieties, mostly endemic to China. The present paper deals with the comparative anatomy of secondary phloem of stems in 4 species and I cultivar, of this genus under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The main results are as follows: (1) The structure of secondary phloem is rather uniform in the various species of this genus. In cross section, sieve cells, phloem parenchyma cells form continuous tangential rows of one cell in width respectively, which occur alternately. Sclerenchyma cells also form continuous tangential rows, each with a radial width of 1-4 cells. The interval between the rows is rather wide. (2) The type of phloem fiber and the quantity of sclereids can be served as the characters for identification of species and the evidence for the separation of two sections of Cephalotaxus, namely: Cephalotaxus and Pectinatae. (3) The secondary phloem of this genus contains more or less crystalliferous parenchyma cells, in the inner tangential walls of which calcium oxalate crystals are embedded. So far this character has not been reported in the other families and the genera of conifers. Our conclusion, therefore, agrees with the opinion that Cephalotaxaceae is a natural taxon and includes only one genus, Cephalotaxus.     

Comparative Anatomy of the Leaves of Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae)

The internal structure and cuticular characters of the leaves of Cephalotaxus were investigated under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The materials used belong to 9 species, 2 varieties and 1 cultivar. The leaf characters of C. oliveri Mast. are as follows: stomata are amphicyclic and occasionally monocyclic, the stomatal frequency is 120.6/mm², the hypodermis is present, there are a large number of filiform sclereids and a few brachysclereids and astrosclereids in the mesophyll, the cuticular projections on the lower surfaces are indistinct. This species differs from all the other species of Cephalotaxus, in which stomata are amphicyclic only, the stomatal frequency is 47.3-88.1/mm², hypodermis is absent except in C. harringtonia and C. harringtonia cv. ‘Fastigiata’, foliar astrosclereids, hrachysclereids asd fibriform selereids may be present or entirely absent, there are distinct cuticular projections on the lower surface. Based upon the above-mentioned features, the gross morphology as well as the alkaloids. Cephalotaxus may be divided into two sections, namely: Sect. Cephalotaxus and Sect. Pectinatae. In addition, also discussed are following problems: the classification of some species in Sect. Cephalotaxus, the suggested subdivision of Sect. Cephalotaxus into 4 series, and the systematic position of Cephalotaxaceae.     

Male Cones in Taxaceae s. l. - an Example of Wettstein's Pseudanthium Concept

Abstract: Male cones of Taxus baccata L. and Torreya californica Torr. are mostly regarded as simple strobili ("flowers"). In the past some authors assumed that every single "sporangiophore" of Taxus baccata represents a whole "flower". The male cone of Taxus would then represent a compound strobilus ("inflorescence"). A cone of Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex J. Forbes) K. Koch and Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. can easily be recognized as a compound strobilus composed of several simple strobili.
Our developmental studies by SEM give clues to the assumption that a simple male strobilus in Cephalotaxus is not homologous to the male strobili in Taxus and Torreya. Developmental, morphological and anatomical studies suggest that the simple strobili of Taxus and Torreya are derived from the compound strobili in Cephalotaxus by a transformation of the simple strobili into single sporangiophores. With respect to morphology, the male cones in Taxus and Torreya are simple strobili, but comparative developmental studies show that they are derived from compound strobili in a process similar to Wettstein's pseudanthium hypothesis. In the light of our studies, it is not unlikely that the male cones in Pinaceae also represent transformed compound strobili.     

A Study on the Genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. et Zucc.

The genus Cephalotaxus contains a small number of species. It is adequately appreciated as a newly discovered cancerresistant medicament for the alkaloids obtained from its branches leaves and barks are of curative effect. This paper deals with the classificatory revision based on the morphological features, with the reference to the anatomical characters of leaves, types of alkaloids and pollen morphology observed. Two new combinations are proposed, and 4 species and varieties are reduced in the paper. The genus Cephalotaxus is thus suggested to consist of 2 sections and 9 species. The trees occur in East Asia and the north of Indo-China, with 88% found in China where is the distribution centre and refuge of the genus. The genus in discussion is of unique morphological features which are distinctly different from these of Amentotaxus, Cephalotaxaceae, containing a single genus of Cephalotaxus, is closely related to Taxaceae, and therefore the Cephalotaxaceae is best placed in the Taxinieae of Coniferales.     

云南宁蒗县小凉山的三尖杉林

本文报道滇西北宁蒗县的三尖杉天然森林群落的特征和树种。这种森林分布于海拔2300—2500米的喀斯特河谷。具有两个乔木层,其中乔木亚层是优势层,由三尖杉组成。林内共有58科84属95种维管束植物。主要是喜钙的和湿润生的生态类型。森林生态的和植物群落的特征反映出森林从亚热带向暖温带的过渡性。同时,该林具有较好的自然更新能力。     

不同产地三尖杉中三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱的含量测定

本文对三尖杉科(属)中的三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook f.植物中所含抗白血病的三尖杉酯碱harringtonine与高三尖杉酯碱homoharringtonine作了不同产地和不同部位的含量测定。     

贡山三尖杉的新名称(Cephalotaxus talonensis Cheng et Feng ex S.G.Lu et X.D.Lang)及分类地位

提议贡山三尖杉的新名称Cephalotaxus talonensis Cheng et Feng ex S.G.Lu et X.D.Lang替代不合法的旧名称Cephalotaxus lanceolata K.M.Feng in Cheng et al.(晚出同名)。对比贡山三尖杉和三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker的模式标本和自然生长状态下的叶片形态,支持将贡山三尖杉处理为种的等级,不赞同Silba(1990)将贡山三尖杉降为三尖杉的变种［Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker var. lanceolata(Feng) Silba］。文中提供4幅参照图片。     

三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱的生物活性及临床应用

概述了从粗榧料植物中分离的抗肿瘤生物碱三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱等的生物活性,包括其实验及临床药理、临床毒性、分子药理机制,化学研究和未来市场的研究展望。     

Investigation on Fertilization of Cephalotaxus

The structure of spermatogenous cell of Cephalotaxus is unique among the gymnosperms. While towards the mature stage, its nucleus is close to one side of the spermatogenous cell, and on the other side there is abundant and prominent . cytoplasm, which contain a group of the aggregate cytoplasms of radial arrangement similar to blepharoplast of spermatogenous cell of Ginkgo. But, there are two opposite blepharoplasts at either side of the nucleus in Ginkgo, and while there is only one blephareplast at one side in Cephalotaxus. This is one feature of the sexual process in Cephalotaxus. When the pollen tubes approach the top of the archegonia, the division of the spermatogenous cell takes place and there are two almost similar sperm cells both in size and morphology. It is interesting to note that the cytoplasm of the sperm cell contains certain granules of nucleolus-like structure, which appears to be a rare phenomenon among the gymnosperms. This is another feature of the sexual process in Cephalotaxus. These two features are the important characters of Cephalotaxaceae. The egg morphology of Cephalotaxus is also unique among the conifers, its outline looks like a carrot. The upper part of the egg is rather wide and is about 85 to 108 μm in width. On the other hand, the opposite end is gradually becoming narrow and about 910 to 1100 μm in total length. So the ratio of the length and width in the egg of Cephalotaxus is about 10:1. The structure of the egg in Celhalotaxus fortunei and C. oliveri have the following common feature: 1. When their eggs mature the cytoplasm of the egg at lower part of the nucleus possesses deep- staining and fine granules of 2 to 3 groups of aggregate cytoplasm. 2. During maturation of the egg, some of the granules of nucleolus-like structure are scattered in the cytoplasm. As fer- tilization takes place the number of these granules reaches the peak. This condition has been encountered in the egg of Amentotaxus argotaenia. Therefore we could conclude that they are closely related between Cephloraxaceae and Taxaceae. The fertilization of Cephalotaxus fortunei occured on May 10 to 24 (1983), and that of C. oliveri took place on May 28 to June 13 (1983). The fertilization of the genus belong to the type of undergoing mitosis prior to complete fuse of both male and female nuclei. This type of fertilization has been found only in Pinaceae and Cephalotaxaceae. After fertilization the structure of fertilized egg becomes prominent in polar organization. In other words, the cytop- lasm at upper part of the fertilized egg becomes highly vacuolated and that at lower portion, conversely, is rich in abundant proteinous vacuoles and certain granules of nucleolus-like structure dispersed in the cytoplasm. Because the division and differentiation of the proembryo are proceeding at the base of the archegonium, the large inclusions and the nucleolus-like granules may be involved in the nourishing and development of the proembryo.