阿拉善高原2种荒漠植物根系构型及生态适应性特征

根系构型决定了植物对资源的吸收方式，根系构型的变化是植物对环境的生态适应和有效生存策略。在阿拉善高原西南缘红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）-珍珠猪毛菜（Salsola passerina）混生群落采用传统挖掘法收集两种植物根系，基于量化的根系形态指标，利用几何拓扑学及分形理论分析了根系构型特征，探讨了该地区2种植物对干旱生境的生态适应策略。结果表明：红砂和珍珠猪毛菜根系均以水平分布占优，根系浅层化分布明显，混生的两种植物占据不同的生态位；2种荒漠植物均具有较大的比根长（SRL）和比表面积（SRA），红砂SRL=21.3 cm/g，SRA=7.6 cm²/g，珍珠SRL=22.4 cm/g，SRA=6.5 cm²/g，有利于水分和养分的获取；红砂根系拓扑指数（TI）、修正拓扑参数（q_a和q_b）分别为0.86、0.52、0.49，珍珠猪毛菜对应参数分别为0.93、0.76、0.73，表明2种植物根系均趋向于鱼尾形分支结构；根系分形维数值（FD_红=1.488、FD_珍=1.422）较小，而分形丰度值（lgK_红=1.855、lgK_珍=1.774）较大，表明2种植物分支相对简单，但空间拓展能力强，有利于对营养空间的占有。上述特征可能是阿拉善西南缘红砂-珍珠猪毛菜群落2种荒漠植物植物对干旱贫瘠生境的重要生态适应策略。     

Fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi along different aspect in degraded grassland

Aims Fractal root system is phenotypic plasticity result of plant root architecture to respond to environmental heterogeneity, may reflect the growth strategy of plants to adapt to environmental conditions. Our objective was to explore the relationship between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance of fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi population in response to aspect variation in the northwest of China. Methods The study site was located in a degraded alpine grassland on the northern slope in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out at 40 plots which were set up along four slope aspects transects with 20 m distance between adjacent plots. Handheld GPS was used to determine the elevation, longitude and latitude of each plot. ArcGIS was used to set up digital elevation model (DEM). Community traits were investigated and six individuals roots of M. przewalskyi were collected randomly at each plot. The samples were cleaned and divided into different organs, then scanning the root with the Win-RHIZO for measurements of fractal dimension and fractal abundance in laboratory, and their biomass were then measured after being dried at 80 °C in an oven. Important findings With the slope aspect turned from north to east, west, and south, the density, height and soil moisture content of the plant community displayed a pattern of initial decline, the height, density, root fractal abundance of M. przewalskyi increased and the root fractal dimension decreased. The root fractal dimension was negatively associated with the fractal abundance in all aspects, but the relationship varied along the slope aspects gradient; there was a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance at north slope and south slope aspect, whereas the correlation only reached a significant level (p < 0.05) at the east slope aspect and west slope aspect; indicating that there is a trade-off between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance. In addition, when the slope aspect changed from north to east, west and south, the standardized major axis (SMA) slope of the regression equation in the scaling relationships between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance increased (p < 0.05), indicating that the roots of M. przewalskyi at the droughty southern slope have less branch and more sparse in the same soil volume of root exploitation and utilization. Consequently, the resource allocation pattern on reasonable trade-off between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance in different slope aspect of M. przewalskyi, reflects the relationship between the income and the cost of construction of plant root architecture.     

金塔绿洲不同林龄多枝柽柳根系分叉数与分支角度的关系

根系构型影响根系空间分布和营养吸收效率，反映了植物适应环境胁迫的生存策略。采用标准化主轴估计（Standardized major axis estimation，SMA）的方法，分析了甘肃金塔北海子国家湿地公园3年生和6年生多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）根系分叉数与分支角度的异速生长关系。结果表明：随着林龄的增长，湿地群落盖度、高度逐渐增加，多枝柽柳种群的盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量以及根系深度、分叉数、比根长、比表面积、各级根系直径随之增加，根系分支角度和根冠比逐渐减小；多枝柽柳根系分叉数与分支角度回归方程的标准主轴斜率逐渐增大（P<0.05），随着林龄的增长，多枝柽柳根系分叉数的增加速度逐渐大于根系分支角度的生长速度，二者在林龄间呈现出差异化的异速生长关系。随着林龄的增长，多枝柽柳根系构型模式由"扩散型"转变为"紧缩型"，体现了种群应对生境胁迫和竞争的生态适应机制。     

“绿色革命”新进展:赤霉素与氮营养双重调控的表观修饰助力水稻高产高效育种

以半矮秆育种为代表的“绿色革命”极大地提高了作物产量,但也带来氮营养利用效率降低的严重问题。“绿色革命”主要基于调控赤霉素的代谢和信号转导而实现。前期的研究发现,赤霉素信号转导关键因子DELLA蛋白通过调控GRF4而负调控氮素的吸收利用,为半矮秆品系氮利用效率低的问题提供了解决方案。最近的一项研究进一步揭示了GA信号途径与氮响应交叉互作的新机制。该研究发现水稻(Oryza sativa)NGR5是氮素调控分蘖数目的一个关键基因,其表达受氮诱导。通过招募PRC2,NGR5对D14和OsSPL14等分蘖抑制基因所在位点进行H3K27me3甲基化修饰,从而抑制其表达。而在半矮秆背景下超表达NGR5可以提高低氮水平下的水稻产量。NGR5同时也被发现为赤霉素受体GID1的一个新靶标,受到其负调控。该研究发现了调控赤霉素信号通路的新机制,并对高产高效的新一代“绿色革命”育种实践具有重要启示。     

昆虫多样性参数的测定和表达

简要介绍了文献中常见的表示昆虫多样性的3个指数物种数、辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数的测定和计算方法,讨论了香农-维纳指数和均匀度的英文字符的正确表达形式。     

金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形与生育力

比较金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形和生育力,首次通过种间比较来验证生育力选择理论是否能解释两栖动物两性异形的进化。金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙均为雌体大于雄体的两性异形类型,其两性异形程度存在显著差异,金线侧褶蛙两性异形程度指数为0 .30 ,而泽陆蛙仅为0 .0 8。然而,两者的怀卵量无显著差异。因此,结果与生育力选择理论预测不一致。此种不一致性可能由下述原因导致:选择压力作用于雄体而非雌体、能量分配策略和死亡率的种间差异、以及系统发育历史的种间差异。金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙雄体的身体状态指数显著高于雌体。金线侧褶蛙的头,眼和四肢都显著大于泽陆蛙;两者雌体的前后肢长度显著大于雄体。两性金线侧褶蛙的前后肢随体长呈同速生长,而泽陆蛙的前后肢随体长呈异速生长     

我国发现世界上最原始的鸟类化石

以中国地质科学院季强研究员为首的研究小组,不久前在河北丰宁晚中生代的地层中首次发现了世界上最原始的鸟类化石,研究人员已经将其正式命名为华美金凤鸟。有关这一新发现的初步研究成果已发表在今年3月出版的《地质通报》上,它标志着我国鸟类起源研究再次获得了重大进展并处于国际领先水平。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落结构及多样性的研究

为探讨黄土高原植被恢复过程中植物与昆虫群落的关系,评价人工植被和自然恢复植被种类搭配的合理性,为退化生态系统的植被恢复提供依据。采用样地调查法,在黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟流域研究比较了不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落组成、结构及多样性的变化。结果表明,2种不同植被恢复类型区昆虫有189种(含蜱螨目),分别隶属13目84科。而不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落的物种数、丰富度、多样性、均匀度及优势度指数值均有明显差异。以20a自然封育植被恢复区昆虫群落的物种数、丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数值均较高,其值分别为160、21.17、1.4914和0.6918。优势度则以人工治理区(0.7251)>自然封育区(0.5845)。说明从人工治理区到自然封育区,随着植被种类增加,昆虫种类相应增加,优势种由突出降至不明显,昆虫群落稳定性提高。     

不同特性粘数壳聚糖降血浆胆固醇、甘油三酯及抗氧化活性研究

通过醋酸-H2O2氧化降解法制备三种不同特性粘数（50℃时,η=4．76mL／g,29．39mL／g和54．93mL／g）的壳聚糖。以小鼠为实验对象,采取灌胃给药方式,考察其降低血浆TCH、TG的能力,并以血浆SOD酶活及MDA含量为指标,进行抗氧化药效学评价。结果显示,给药21d后,三种壳聚糖均能显著降低小鼠血浆TCH和TG含量,降幅分别大于28．2％和22．5％;且三种壳聚糖也能显著降低小鼠血浆MDA含量,降幅大于30．0％,但对小鼠血浆SOD酶活则无显著影响。