两种果蝠对光叶桑(Morus macroura)果实的取食及种子传播

从2005年3月到2006年5月,在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园沟谷雨林保护区内研究了两种果蝠——棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti)和犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)取食光叶桑(Morus macroura) 果实的行为、夜栖息地分布、散布种子方式及范围等。借助月光对果蝠的行为进行直接观察,发现它们的取食活动一般在天黑20~40 min开始,取食高峰发生在22: 00~22: 30 和23:00~23:30之间,这两个取食高峰期平均取食次数(平均值±标准误)为(13.5±2.5)和(15.0±2.3)次,最低的取食频率发生在19: 00~19: 30和20: 30~21: 00之间,分别取食(0.2±0.2)和(0.7±0.5)次。果蝠很少在母树上取食成熟的果实,相反它们用嘴叼下果实并携带到夜栖息地去进食,通常这些夜栖息地是具有密闭树冠、密集枝条的树种。夜栖息地在母树周围的分布根据环境中适合它们栖息的树种和分布而决定,不同母树周围其夜栖息地分布具有非常大的变异与空间异质性。钝叶榕(Ficus curtipes)、铁力木(Mesua ferrea) 和糖胶树(Alstonia scholaris) 是果蝠最喜爱的夜栖息地。在同样的情况下,尽管需要飞行更远的距离,两种果蝠都比较喜欢寻找具有许多枝条和小枝并且有复杂树冠的树木作为夜栖息地。两种果蝠取食光叶桑果实时,一部分种子通过消化道消化后被排泄出来,另外的一部分伴随着咀嚼后的果渣被吐出来,通过这两种方式,散布了大量的种子,再加上在飞行中也有排泄的习性,它们传播的种子在空间上更广泛。     

Foraging areas of Rousettus leschenaulti on the Hainan Island of China

We investigated the foraging area of three individuals (1 female and 2 males) of Rousettus leschenaulti (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in suburban Haikou City, Hainan Province, South China from November 2005 to January 2006 using radio telemetry. These animals left the daytime roosting sites about 90 min after sunset with no significant difference in departure time between the male and female bats. The average active times were 391.8 min for males and 533.7 min for the female, respectively. By reconstructing 93...     

内蒙古发现白冠燕尾和黑胸麻雀

<正>2014年12月至2015年2月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市鄂托克前旗城川镇大沟湾村滴哨沟(37o72′N,108o51′E)先后5次观察并拍摄到前额至头顶具大的三角形白色斑,颏至下胸均为黑褐色,两翼黑色具整齐条状白色横斑,尾羽长而分叉的燕尾类鸟2只,经鉴定为白冠燕尾(Enicurus leschenaulti)。城川镇位于内蒙古最西南部,南与陕     

Seed Dispersal of Morus macroura (Moraceae) by Two Frugivorous Bats in Xishuangbanna, SW China

The dispersal of Morus macroura seeds by two species of frugivorous bats ( Rousettus leschenaulti and Cynopterus sphinx ) was studied in a forest at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Southwest China from March to May 2005. Feeding roosts were identified within 500 m around parent trees and the types and number of seed loads under each roost were recorded. We found feeding roost density decreased with increasing distance from the parent, but found no correlation between distance and seed deposition. The effect of bat digestion on seed germination was investigated, and we found that germination percentage of all treatments involving ingestion by bats was significantly lower than control seeds and some germination parameters of seeds from different treatments changed.     

棕果蝠微卫星位点的筛选及其对近缘种的通用性

棕果蝠在我国热带和亚热带地区分布广、种群数量大,对龙眼、荔枝等水果种植业造成巨大危害。近年来,棕果蝠在国内被大范围捕杀,造成其种群数量急剧下降。为了获得用于研究棕果蝠的种群结构和遗传多样性的分子标记,我们利用探针富集法构建了棕果蝠部分微卫星基因组文库,筛选出棕果蝠的4 个高度多态性位点;并结合前期本研究组已经发表的棕果蝠微卫星位点,共检测了10 个棕果蝠特异的微卫星标记在其它4 种果蝠(短耳犬蝠、犬蝠、大长舌果蝠、小长舌果蝠)内的通用性,为不同果蝠种群遗传学研究提供了更多的微卫星分子标记。     

Entrainment by different environmental stimuli in the frugivorous bats from the Lonar crater

The timings of emergence at dusk and return at dawn of a colony of frugivorous bats Rousettus leschenaulti, roosting in a temple ruin of the Lonar crater (19.97°N, 76.52°E), were investigated at 10-day intervals for one year. The onset of emergence occurred about 18 min after sunset throughout the year irrespective of the prevailing light intensity or temperature but the end of returning activity occurred at a fixed light intensity of about 4 lux irrespective of the time of sunrise or prevailing temperature. Apparently, the evening oscillator controlling the onset of emergence was set by the sunset, i.e. the lights-off stimulus of the natural light - dark cycles, while the morning oscillator controlling the end of activity was set by a certain invariant threshold intensity of the dawn twilight.     

Characterization of microsatellite loci in fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaulti

Rousettus leschenaulti is an abundant species in many countries of South‐East Asia, including south China. We isolated seven microsatellite loci in R. leschenaulti from genomic DNA enriched for CA repeats with the enriched library method. A total of 56 samples from a population in the Guangxi Province of China were tested with these microsatellite markers. The polymorphism ranged from seven to 16 alleles, and the observed heterozygosity was 84–94%. It is the first time microsatellite markers were characterized from R. leschenaulti, and these markers can be an important tool for analysing population structure and genotypic diversity.     

棕果蝠对龙眼的取食行为及进食量

棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti)在云南西双版纳地区是比较常见的果蝠。本文研究了棕果蝠对当地经济作物龙眼(Dimocarpus longan)的取食模式和取食时间规律,并在实验室条件下研究了其对龙眼的整夜进食量。野外观察发现:棕果蝠叼取龙眼后不在母树上停留,而是携带龙眼到其他进食地点进食。棕果蝠在19:30～5:30时有3个取食高峰期,分别是在20:30～21:00时、22:00～22:30时和1:00～1:30时之间。此外,室内笼养实验结果表明,棕果蝠对龙眼的取食个数因体重不同而有差异,个数在6～20之间,实际进食量相当于其体重的1.0～1.8倍。     

棕果蝠取食对两种榕树种子萌发行为的影响

在实验室利用聚果榕（Fieus racemosa）和对叶榕（Fieus hispida）成熟的果实饲喂笼养棕果蝠（Rousettus leschenaulti）,比较了不同处理的3组种子的萌发行为：（1）棕果蝠粪便中的种子;（2）被吐出的果渣中的种子;（3）成熟果实中的种子（对照）。棕果蝠取食行为显著影响了两种榕树种子的萌发过程,3种不同处理的种子萌发过程及最终萌发率（GP）之间都存在显著的差异。聚果榕种子经过棕果蝠消化道后GP显著降低,而对叶榕种子的GP显著提高。棕果蝠粪便中的聚果榕种子萌发开始（GS）和最短萌发时间（Tmin）均比对照种子延迟了2d,但其粪便中的对叶榕种子G5比对照种子提前了1d,Tmin提前了2d;与之相似,前者种子萌发比果实中种子提前2d达到萌发总量的50％（T50）,但后者没有改变T50。不同种榕果果渣中的种子萌发行为也有重大差异：聚果榕果渣中种子的Tmin和T50均比对照种子延迟1d,GS没发生改变;而对叶榕果渣中种子的Tmin比对照种子提前了3d,GS提前1d,T50没有改变。棕果蝠取食两种榕果后在飞行过程中排泄,进而有效的散布种子;而且通过消化明显改变了种子萌发行为,使种子萌发类型更为多样,增加了种子在不同时空条件下萌发的可能性。     

人工饲养条件下棕果蝠的摄食行为

2005年8～11月,对北京动物园饲养的棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti)摄食行为进行了研究。每天上午和下午按时喂食,棕果蝠的摄食行为表现出一定的规律性。放置好水果约4min后,1～3只棕果蝠先在食物周围盘旋,然后返回栖息位置;再经约2min开始进食。当果篮中剩余少量水果时,部分棕果蝠到地面取食。上午喂食后,在地面取食的棕果蝠数目出现1个高峰;下午喂食后,地面取食出现4个高峰。下午取食时间显著长于上午(P<0·05)。棕果蝠进食完一块水果后,并不立即再次取食,而是存在一段时间间隔,期间雌雄棕果蝠的行为包括静止、理毛、张望、飞行、抢食、争斗、爬行、排泄、舔生殖区、舔顶棚等。雌雄的行为出现频次存在差异,其中雄性与哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、飞行、抢食、争斗、舔生殖区行为差异显著(P<0·05);雄性与非哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、张望、飞行、舔生殖区行为差异显著(P<0·05);哺乳期与非哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、飞行、抢食行为差异显著(P<0·05)。