新生儿乙型肝炎血源疫苗的免疫策略和成本效益分析

比较了6种新生儿血源乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫方案,其中一种只免疫HBsAg阳性母亲的婴儿效果最差,群体有效率仅17.79％,成本效益比值亦低。其它5种方案都是对全部新生儿进行免疫,效果均好。这5种方案是10μg与3μg两种剂量的不同组合,其中用10μgg3JI疫者成本效益比值最高,有效率为78.61％。HBsAg阳性母亲新生儿按30μg×3,而阴性母亲婴儿首剂用30μg,第2、3剂各10μg,有效率高达87.47％,但成本效益比值最低。应根据我国经济发展的水平与群众的承受能力,对各地区选用不同的新生儿免疫方案。     

A Learning Strategy for Predator Preying on Edible and Inedible Prey

In this paper I propose a reinforcement learning model for a predator preying upon two types of prey, the unpalatable (noxious) models, and the palatable mimics. The latter type of prey resembles the models in appearance so as to derive some protection from the predator who must avoid the unpalatable models. Essentially the predator is treated as a learning automaton adopting a simple reinforcement learning strategy in order to increase its consumption of palatable prey and reduce the consumption of unpalatable ones. The populations of both mimics and models are assumed to grow logistically.     

浅论传统义利观在医学类大学生培育中的价值

随着传统义利观在中国传统文化中的不断丰富和发展,深深地影响着人们的价值观,并在人们的心中形成一种道德自律和民族自觉,对人们的行为发挥着重要的指导作用。在对医学生的培养教育中,往往只注重科学教育,缺乏包括义利观教育等在内的人文教育成为医学生培养系统亟待解决的问题。作为医学院校应当明确当代医患矛盾频出的关键所在,强调医学生建立"重义轻利"的人文理念,不断提高医疗服务道德水平。     

Maximising return on conservation investment in the conterminous USA

Efficient conservation planning requires knowledge about conservation targets, threats to those targets, costs of conservation and the marginal return to additional conservation efforts. Systematic conservation planning typically only takes a small piece of this complex puzzle into account. Here, we use a return‐on‐investment (ROI) approach to prioritise lands for conservation at the county level in the conterminous USA. Our approach accounts for species richness, county area, the proportion of species' ranges already protected, the threat of land conversion and land costs. Areas selected by a complementarity‐based greedy heuristic using our full ROI approach provided greater averted species losses per dollar spent compared with areas selected by heuristics accounting for richness alone or richness and cost, and avoided acquiring lands not threatened with conversion. In contrast to traditional prioritisation approaches, our results highlight conservation bargains, opportunities to avert the threat of development and places where conservation efforts are currently lacking.     

生物多样性价值的经济学处理：一些理论障碍及其克服

本文首先对国际生态经济学界围绕“世界生态系统功能价值计量”的方法学论争进行短简的评价,接着阐述了生物多样性价值的新的概念框架,并据此就生物多样性价值计量中尚未得到关注的问题（生物多样性价值的可计算性,价值计量方法的恰当性,价值分量的可加性和可解析性,价值误差测算）提出解决思路,本文最后讨论了两个保护经济学问题方法学构架,其一是生物多样性破坏的经济损失计算,其二是生物多样性保护工程的成本－效益体质与成本－效果分析。     

流域尺度水土保持生物措施减沙效益研究

1　引　　言黄土高原位于黄河中游 ,流经黄土高原的 9大支流进入河口镇至花园口的中游河段 ,总径流量为 187× 10 8ｍ3 ,输沙量占黄河流域总沙量的 90 % .建国以来以修建梯田坝地、造林种草、建谷坊、调整种植结构为主的水土保持工程、生物治理长年不懈 ,其目的在于减水减沙 ,改善流域生态环境 .但是 ,除部分中小尺度流域进入生态、经济效益良性循环的轨道外 ,大部分地区生态环境仍然十分脆弱 ,部分地区有恶化之势 .因此 ,定量评价水土保持工程、生物措施的治理效益是广为关注的研究课题 ,虽相关的研究成果不少 ,但是绝大部分工作是评价水土…     

Legal developments in the protection of plant-related traditional knowledge: An intellectual property lawyer's perspective of the international and South African legal framework

The South African legal framework regulating the research and commercialisation of plant material, or bioprospecting, consists of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, and the Bioprospecting, Access and Benefit Sharing Regulations issued under that Act in 2008, and Section 30 of the Patents Act, 1978, as amended by the Patents Amendment Act, 2005. The international backdrop to this legislation is the Convention on Biological Diversity, which came into force in 1993.In October 2010, the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol, which is intended to be a binding legal instrument on the subject of access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation. The underlying principles are that the prior informed consent of communities holding the traditional knowledge must be obtained and that benefits arising from utilisation of that knowledge must be shared, the arrangements being managed by the State.This article is a broad discourse on the relevant legislation as seen from the perspective of an intellectual property lawyer, focusing on the most recent developments, and illustrating its application in cases which have been reported in the press.     

曲江县养牛业初见成效

对曲江县养牛业所取得的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益作了初步的分析和讨论．     

德清县生态农业建设综合评价

应用综合指数法对德清县1990～1998年的生态农业建设进行综合评价。结果显示德清县生态农业系统的综合效益及资源利用、生态、经济和社会功能效益都呈上升趋势,其中1998年的综合效益指数比1990年提高了1．36倍．各效益指数在上升过程中出现波动,说明德清县生态农业建设还存在一些不足,尤其是农村产业结构调整、乡镇企业污染、系统稳定性等有待进一步改善．     

鸭稻共作生态农业模式的功能与效益分析

对鸭稻共作生态农业模式的结构、功能和效益进行了综合分析。结果表明,鸭子和水稻可以较好地全天候地同生共长在稻田生态系统中,平均每公顷大约300-375只鸭子。利用鸭子的野性和杂食性在一定程度上可防除病、虫、草害,提高土壤肥力,因而可代替人耕耙田、施肥、施药等,避免了农药和化肥的大量投入;鸭群的活动可刺激和促进水稻的生长发育。利用这种模式可以生产出有机食品或绿色稻米,其经济效益比常规稻作高。鸭稻共作系统的每公顷净收入比常规稻作系统要高出808.5元。若按绿色食品价格高出同类商品市场价格的20%计算,则鸭稻共作系统每公顷比常规稻作系统大约多增加2000元左右的收入。这种模式的推广应用可产生良好的生态-经济-社会效益。