Effects of peach branches returning on autotoxins and microbes in soil and tree growth of peaches

Aims This study aimed to investigate the effects of branch returning on the growth of peach (Amygdalus persica "Chunmei/Maotao") saplings, soil enzyme activity, and soil contents of phenolic acids and amygdalin, thereby providing scientific evidence against the application of branch returning for peach trees. Methods One-year-old potted peach tree (Amygdalus persica "Chunmei/Maotao") was used in this study with four agricultural treatments applied, including soil coverage by fragmented peach tree branches (fragment treatment;1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1) and applying leachate solutions of peach tree branches to soil (leachate treatment; 1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1). No branch addition was used as control (CK). Solid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), biological high-throughput sequencing was used to determine the content of autotoxic substances, and microbial community structure in soil. Soil coverage and leachate solution treatments of 30 g and 450 g branches applied to the peach trees were described as 1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1, respectively in this paper.Important findings Compared with CK, the phenolic acid and amygdalin contents significantly increased after both fragment and leachate treatments in high quantities (22.5 g·kg^-1). Soil microbial community structure altered in both treatments, with the proportion of fungi (particularly Agaricomycetes, Tubeufia and Cystofilobasidiaceae) increased significantly and bacteria decreased accordingly. Invertase activity in both high-quantity treatments exceeded that in the CK significantly. The activity of catalase and urease was higher at first and then decreased relative to CK under high-quantity fragment and leachate treatments. Specifically, the effect of leachate treatment on enzyme activity was higher than the fragment treatment in the short term. Chlorophyll content, ground diameter (diameter of 5 cm from the ground) growth and net photosynthesis rate of plants were lower in high-quantity fragment and leachate treatments than those in CK, with earlier retardation of new shoot growth. We observed an increase in soil phenolic acids and enzymes in treatments in normal pruning quantity, while no inhibition effect was found on the tree growth. In conclusion, autotoxins (such as phenolic acid and amygdalin) inhibited the growth of peach trees both directly and indirectly through changing soil enzyme activity and microbial community.     

结核休眠菌与巨噬细胞自噬

结核休眠菌是残存于人体巨噬细胞内处于代谢静止期的极微量结核分枝杆菌(MTB),了解其生物学特性和相关作用机制对MTB潜伏感染新靶点药物的研究具有重要意义。巨噬细胞作为机体固有免疫和适应性免疫的重要组成部分,是清除胞内感染的MTB的首要屏障。巨噬细胞可以通过自噬途径清除MTB,而处于休眠状态的MTB可以逃避巨噬细胞的杀伤而持续存在。此外,目前有关休眠菌如何逃逸巨噬细胞自噬的具体机制也并不十分明确,本文则对休眠菌及其与巨噬细胞自噬相关研究的最新进展作一综述。     

封面故事

<正>生物系统中存在大量相对独立的、具有特定生物功能的网络模块,其中自调控(或自反馈)环路是最典型、最简单的调控网络模块。对于某些模式生物,自反馈环路已经被辨识,例如,在模式生物E.coli的转录网络中,超过40%的转录因子都依赖于     

“生物进化-I”的教学组织

进化论是生物学中最大的统一理论，生物界的复杂现象只能在进化理论的基础上得到统一的解释。生物学各个学科无不贯穿着进化论的原则思想（张昀，1998）。从事生物进化研究的学者通过对生物进化的历程、原因、进化速率与方向等问题的研究，告诉人们生物界为什么丰富多彩，     

Sirtuin家族参与帕金森病发病的研究进展

Sirtuin是一种从细菌到人类都高度保守的去乙酰化酶类,可通过去乙酰化多种底物参与调控细胞周期、细胞应激反应、代谢、衰老和凋亡等过程。众多研究发现Sirtuin家族及其药物激活剂或抑制剂具有神经保护作用。在过去的十年中,大量的有关Sirtuin家族成员与帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)发病的研究工作被报道。本文将对Sirtuin家族调节PD发病的证据和Sirtuin家族成员对PD发病机理及疾病进程的影响做一回顾。     

浅析钾肥生产过程中的浮选问题及解决措施

浮选是利用矿物表面疏水与亲水性的差别对矿石进行加工的一种方法。虽然利用矿物的天然疏水性也可以进行矿石的选别,但通常都使用浮选药剂以增大或减少矿物表面疏水性、搅拌等各种因素调整控制矿物的浮选行为,以获得更好的选别结果。     

天生的泥壶匠——会建育婴房的蜾蠃

一个周六,我和对门家的小孩儿冬冬到附近的生态公园游玩,在那里,我们一起见证了厚野华丽蜾蠃盖育婴室的整个过程。     

巨噬细胞的自噬和极化抑制其泡沫化进程

目的:巨噬细胞是动脉粥样硬化斑块中最丰富的免疫细胞,巨噬细胞泡沫化加速动脉粥样硬化,本研究探讨巨噬细胞自噬与极化对泡沫化的影响。方法:分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,免疫荧光检测巨噬细胞的标记物F4/80。不同浓度雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞,western blot检测自噬标记物LC3II,经典激活的巨噬细胞(Classically activated macrophages, M1)标记物白细胞介素6(interleukin 6, IL-6)和替代激活的巨噬细胞(Alternatively activated macrophages, M2)标记物转化生长因子β(transform growth factor,TGF-β)的表达。用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化,油红O染色鉴定泡沫细胞形成及巨噬细胞泡沫化情况。结果:免疫荧光结果显示,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞F4/80阳性率达87.6%;雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞24 h,western blot结果显示LC3II表达增加,M1标记物IL-6表达增加,而M2标记物TGF-β表达减少,对其条带进行统计分析结果显示都具有显著性差异(P0.05);油红O染色结果显示雷帕霉素明显减少巨噬细胞泡沫化形成。结论:雷帕霉素能诱导巨噬细胞自噬,促进其向M1型极化,从而抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化。     

细胞自噬与病毒感染关系的研究进展

细胞自噬是一种存在于真核细胞内的溶酶体依赖性降解途径,是细胞的一种先天免疫机制。该机制可帮助细胞对破损细胞器进行降解,并将降解后的生物大分子等营养物质重新提供给细胞进行物质的重新利用。病毒侵入宿主细胞后细胞启动自噬系统进行自我吞噬并以此来保护机体将病毒对机体的损害降到最低。但研究发现部分病毒在侵染宿主细胞后也可利用细胞的自噬机制来加速自身在胞内的复制。由此可见病毒与细胞自噬间的相互作用是一个复杂且多向化的过程。为对自噬与病毒感染之间的关系进行更进一步的探究,本综述从自噬的发生机制、自噬的检测方法、自噬与病毒感染的关系、病毒感染与抗肿瘤作用等方面进行了阐述。     

细胞自噬在斑马鱼中的研究进展

细胞自噬是一种维持细胞内稳态的重要方式,并被发现与许多人类疾病相关。由于其具有重大的理论研究价值和潜在应用前景,是近年来生命科学领域的热点之一。细胞自噬的功能与机制在物种间是高度保守的,对它的研究已在多种模式生物中展开。斑马鱼是一种常用的脊椎模式动物,具有影像学、遗传学和发育生物学等学科研究的优势,也可用于高通量药物筛选,是研究细胞自噬的理想材料。目前在斑马鱼中展开的细胞自噬相关研究取得了很多进展。本研究首先简要地描述了自噬的发生过程,重点综述应用于斑马鱼中的自噬检测方法,以及利用斑马鱼模型进行的与自噬相关人类疾病的研究。