四川省雅安地区家蝇对常用杀虫剂抗性调查

1980至1988年在雅安地区七县一市测定了家蝇对五种化学杀虫剂的抗性。材料与方法药物除少量市售外,均由中国科学院动物研究所提供,测试方法依当时条件及所用药物的不同,分别采用了残膜、喷塔、熏蒸与点滴法。抗性测定结果(一)家蝇对γ-666(除点滴法外,浓度均为0.03%)的抗性:据六个县市8次的测定,敏感级占12.5%,中抗级占62.5%,高抗级占25.0%;其中雅安1982、1985年用喷塔法测定为中抗级,1987年点滴法测定为高抗级,名山(1982)、宝兴(1983)与天全(1985)三县喷塔法均属中抗级,同法在荥经(1984)属敏感级;芦山(1988)属高抗级。它们的抗性系数(R/S)…     

五种杀虫剂对舍蝇酯酶同工酶的抑制效果观察

本文报告用等电聚焦电泳查得舍蝇酯酶同工酶谱有28条酶带,初步鉴定PI5.25、5.41、5.91、5.97、6.02和6.63酶带为胆碱酯酶;PI4.85、4.98、5.14、6.50、6.80、7.08和8.98酶带为羧酸酯酶;PI5.05、5.12、5.19、5.28、5.34、5.37、5.55、5.64、5.68、5.74、5.94、6.20、6.25、6.35和7.64酶带为芳族酯酶。结果表明,溴氰菊酯对三类酯酶均有强烈抑制作用,其它四种药物似主要抑制芳族酯酶。     

北京培育出超级苍蝇抗药性增数千倍

一直以来昆虫与杀虫剂就像一个永远解不开的结。不管人类发明的新型杀虫剂威力有多强大,过不了多久人们就又会发现,这些昆虫体内已经产生了抵御这种杀虫剂的抗性物质。那么昆虫的抗药性到底会达到什么程度呢?最近,一种抗药性超过普通苍蝇数千倍的超级苍蝇在中国农业大学昆虫学系教授高希武的实验室里被发现(封2图版Ⅲ：9)。     

印楝油对印楝素的增效作用和保护作用

印楝油对印楝素具有增效作用,印楝素A和印楝种子石油醚抽提物和印楝种子植物油分别按1：10(m／m)混用处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,共毒系数分别为150．17和226．87,印楝素B和两者混用后的共毒系数分别为166．00和242．18。印楝种子植物油对印楝素具有保护作用,在54℃下热贮7d,印楝油(甲醇：印楝油=9-1,v／v)对印楝素A和印楝素B的保护效果分别为56．96％和50．86％;热贮14d,保护效果分别为26．72％和38．42％。     

Influences of insecticides on toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin in Helicoverpa armigera

Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin between with and without other insecticides or synergists in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results of bioassay showed that horticultural mineral oil (HMO), hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos, and some other insecticides were synergistic to abamectin with 152.0-420.0 of co-toxicity coefficient(CTC) in some agricultural insect pests. In topical application tests, HMO or piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of abamectin in larvae of H. armigera, but the mortality was not affected by s,s,s-tributylphorotrithioate (DEF) and triphenylphosphate (TPP). The synergistic action of HMO was obviously higher than PBO, and when treated simultaneously with abamectin, HMO gave a more significant synergism than if treated 2 hours ahead. The highest synergistic effect (SE) was found in the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO (1:206)‘. The mortality did not increase or the toxicity drop, when a synergist or HMO was added into the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO‘ or ‘abamectin synergist‘, respectively. Results from the isotope tracing experiments showed that HMO significantly enhanced the penetration of ^3H-abamectin through the cuticle of H.armigera larvae, which resulted in the synergism of the mixture. The cuticular penetration of ^3H-abamectin was not accumulatively affected by chlorpyrifos, nor by hexaflumuron,though there was an inhibition within 30 seconds or 1 hour after treated by these two chemicals respectively. Results suggested that the synergism of abamectin mixed with hexaflumuron or chlorpyrifos might be related to inhibition of metabolic enzymes or target sites in the larvae.     

几种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的毒力

测定了阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、杀虫单、毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯6种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫、成虫及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的室内毒力,并考察了灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇的田间防效。在所研究浓度下,阿维菌素、灭蝇胺对2龄幼虫的毒力较高,但对南美斑潜蝇成虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较低;杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇成虫、2龄幼虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力均较高;毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫的毒力较低,而对潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较高。田间条件下,灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单都对田间南美斑潜蝇具有较高防效。     

多杀菌素和氟虫睛对瓢虫、寄生蜂和菜缢管蚜选择性的研究

采用药膜法研究了多杀菌素和氟虫睛对3种瓢虫、2种寄生蜂和菜缢管蚜的选择性。与菜缢管蚜相比,2种杀虫剂对3种瓢虫的毒性较低(LC50比值=1.73-41.9),尤其是氟虫睛对3种瓢虫以及多杀菌素对稻红瓢虫均具有较好的选择性(LC50比值大于5)。菜蚜茧蜂和蚜虫宽缘金小蜂对2种杀虫剂的敏感性远高于3种瓢虫和菜缢管蚜,2种杀虫剂对菜蚜茧蜂和蚜虫宽缘金小蜂均是高毒的(LC50比值=0.006-0.05)。3种瓢虫对多杀菌素和氟虫睛具有较高的耐药性,这将有助于其在生物防治中的应用。     

Comparative effects of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on Chrysoperla externa （Neuroptera＂ Chrysopidae）＂ Lethal,sublethal and dose-response effects

The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and repro- duction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa （Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）, an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose （MFRD） and twice （2xMFRD） for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors （CSIs） were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. There- fore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose-response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ （novaluron 〉 lufenuron 〉 teflubenzuron）. For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose （NOED） was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron （0.085 ng/insect）, and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron （0.25 ng/insect） and teflubenzuron （0.6 ng/insect）. Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long-range effects of hazardous compounds.     

水稻二化螟抗药性监测方法

本文首先介绍了二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)抗药性监测的方法:点滴法和稻苗浸渍法。其中点滴法已有标准化的生测规程,其适用于以触杀作用为主的杀虫剂抗性监测,但无法准确反映以胃毒作用为主的杀虫剂的毒力效果,因此,本文新建了以胃毒作用为主的双酰胺类或微生物杀虫剂Bt等的抗性监测方法———稻苗浸渍法。     

植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的致死效应

【背景】红脉穗螟是棕榈科植物的重要害虫,目前主要采用化学防治措施对其进行防控。【方法】采用药膜法和饲喂法研究了4种植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的室内毒力。【结果】印楝素、烟碱、鱼藤酮和除虫菊素对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现一定的杀虫活性。其中,采用药膜法处理后,除虫菊素和烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟各龄幼虫的毒力最高,LC50分别为3.83~17.01 mg·L-1和3.75~24.78 mg·L-1,且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增大而减弱。浸叶饲喂法结果表明,烟碱和鱼藤酮表现出较强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为7.72~20.69 mg·L-1和11.41~25.25 mg·L-1。【结论与意义】植物源杀虫剂不同处理方法对红脉穗螟的毒力存在差异,生产上应根据药剂的作用方式合理选择。