复合菌系降解纤维素过程中微生物群落结构的变化

为明确高效纤维素降解复合菌系降解过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律及关键的降解功能菌,利用该复合菌系对滤纸和稻秆进行生物处理,通过底物降解、微生物生长量、发酵液pH的变化情况,选择不同降解时期复合菌系提取的总DNA进行细菌16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序。通过分解特性试验确定在接种后培养第12、72、168 h分别作为降解初期、高峰期、末期。该复合菌系分别主要由1个门、2个纲、2个目、7个科、11个属组成。随着降解的进行,短芽胞杆菌属Brevibacillus、喜热菌属Caloramator的相对丰度逐渐降低;梭菌属Clostridium、芽胞杆菌属Bacillus、地芽胞杆菌属Geobacillus、柯恩氏菌属Cohnella的相对丰度逐渐升高;解脲芽胞杆菌属Ureibacillus、泰氏菌属Tissierella、刺尾鱼菌属Epulopiscium在降解高峰期时相对丰度最高;各时期类芽胞杆菌属Paenibacillus、瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus的相对丰度无明显变化。上述11个主要菌属均属于厚壁菌门,具有嗜热、耐热、适应广泛pH、降解纤维素或半纤维素的特性。好氧型细菌是降解初期的主要优势功能菌,到中后期厌氧型细菌逐渐增多,并逐步取代好氧型细菌成为降解纤维素的主要细菌。     

In vitro Oocyte Maturation in the Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio and Fertilization and Development of the Mature Egg

Maturation process of zebrafish oocyte was investigated using in vitro incubation.In medium EM-199 containing 0.5 μg/ml of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone incubated under 80％ O_2 and at 25°C,germinal vesicles(GV)of oocytes in stage Ⅳ migrated from midway between the center and theperiphery ofoocytes to the periphery in 40 minutes and the oocytes went into stage V.Half an hourlater,the oocytes underwent germinel vesicle breakdown(GVBD)with a breakdown rate of 59％.Two more hours were needed for such oocytes to complete their final maturation.The mature eggscould not come off from the follicle layer surrounding them by themselves(ovulation).By removingthe follicle and adding active sperms for insemination,we could make the mature eggs fertilized.Thechorion was elevated and blastoderm formed on the animal pole.The cleavage and development ofthese fertilized eggs followed the same course as the naturally matured and fertilized eggs.Usingblastula formation as a marker of successful fertilization of the in vitro matured egg,the fertilizationrate was 78％.This is the first report on the successful in vitro incubation of mature oocytes inzebrafish.The establishment of this in vitro oocyte maturation technology has laid the foundationfor further investigation of the transfer of foreign genes in the germinal vesicles of oocytes.     

斑马鱼卵母细胞的体外成熟及成熟卵的受精发育

采用体外培养的方法,研究斑马鱼卵母细胞的成熟过程。Ⅳ时相初级卵母细胞在o．5μg／m1 17a－羟基孕酮的EM－199培养液中,80％氧气,25℃的体外培养条件下,在40min内,胚泡(GV)逐渐由卵母细胞中央至动物极边缘l／2处移到动物极边缘,进八V时相卵母细胞。30min后胚泡破裂(GVBD),胚泡破裂率为59％。此种卵母细胞继续培养2h才完全成熟。成熟卵不能从滤泡膜中自然排出。冷开水中剥离其外边的滤泡膜后加入具有受精能力的精子,即能使成熟卵受精,受精膜举起,胚盘在动物极形成。其后受精卵的分裂、发育等与自然成熟受精卵相同。以发育至囊胚为受精标准,这种体外成熟卵受精率为78％。这是斑马鱼卵母细胞体外培养成熟的首例报道。鱼类卵母细胞体外成熟技术的建立,为外源基因卵母细胞胚泡内转移奠定了基础。