Reconstructing the phylogeny of the Sipuncula

Sipunculans are marine spiralian worms with possible close affinities to the Mollusca or Annelida. Currently 147 species, 17 genera, 6 families, 4 orders and 2 classes are recognized. In this paper we review sipunculan morphology, anatomy, paleontological data and historical affiliations. We have conducted cladistic analyses for two data sets to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among sipunculan species. We first analyzed the relationships among the 45 species of Phascolosomatidea with representatives of the Sipunculidea as outgroups, using 35 morphological characters. The resulting consensus tree has low resolution and branch support is low for most branches. The second analysis was based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and one nuclear protein-coding gene, histone H3. Outgroups were chosen among representative spiralians. In a third analysis, the molecular data were combined with the morphological data. Data were analyzed using parsimony as the optimality criterion and branch support evaluated with jackknifing and Bremer support values. Branch support for outgroup relationships is low but the monophyly of the Sipuncula is well supported. Within Sipuncula, the monophyly of the two major groups, Phascolosomatidea and Sipunculidea is not confirmed. Of the currently recognized families, only Themistidae appears monophyletic. The Aspidosiphonidae, Phascolosomatidae and Golfingiidae would be monophyletic with some adjustments in their definition. The Sipunculidae is clearly polyphyletic, with Sipunculus nudus as the sister group to the remaining Sipuncula, Siphonosoma cumanense the sister group to a clade containing Siphonosoma vastumand the Phascolosomatidea, and Phascolopsis gouldi grouping within the Golfingiiformes, as suggested previously by some authors. Of the genera with multiple representatives, only Phascolosoma and Themiste are monophyletic as currently defined. We are aiming to expand our current dataset with more species in our molecular database and more detailed morphological studies.     

假单胞菌M18株pltZ基因转录阻抑藤黄绿菌素ABC转运系统

假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp .)M18株的藤黄绿菌素(Pyoluteorin ,Plt )生物合成基因簇下游存在一个Plt生物合成负调控基因pltZ和一个负责Plt分泌及自身抗性的ABC(ATP_bindingcassette)转运系统基因簇。利用启动子探针载体pME6 0 15和pME6 5 2 2分别构建ABC转运基因pltH与lacZ的翻译和转录融合表达质粒pHZLF和pHZCF ,分别引入野生型假单胞菌M18株和pltZ突变菌株M18Z。半乳糖苷酶活性的测定结果表明:在pltZ突变株M18Z中,pltH’-‘lacZ翻译融合表达水平约比野生型提高3 7～8 4倍,pltH’‘lacZ转录融合表达水平显著提高了2 8～7 4倍,表明pltZ能在转录水平上阻抑PltABC转运系统的表达,pltZ很可能通过阻抑PltABC转运系统的表达,间接地负调控Plt的生物合成     

β-淀粉样蛋白寡聚体对人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞Munc-18表达的调节

为了观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)起始因素β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对Munc-18表达的调节作用,采用Zn^2 诱导制备Aβ寡聚体,分化的人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞经纳摩尔浓度Aβ寡聚体作用后用免疫印迹和流式细胞术的方法检测SH-SY5Y细胞的Munc-18蛋白水平,用MTT法分析纳摩尔浓度Aβ寡聚体的细胞毒性。结果发现,1nmol／L Aβ寡聚体作用1天后,SH—SY5Y细胞的Munc-18蛋白水平明显下调,随后逐渐增加。高浓度的Aβ寡聚体也有相似的作用效应,但抑制Munc-18蛋白表达的效应更明显。另外,相同浓度Aβ单体对Munc-18表达没有明显的影响,纳摩尔浓度的Aβ寡聚体也没有对细胞代谢产生显著的抑制。结果表明,纳摩尔水平Aβ寡聚体对Munc-18的表达有调节作用。     

Differential Regulation of rsmA Gene on Biosynthesis of Pyoluteorin and Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid in Pseudomonas sp. M18

Summary Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain Pseudomonas sp. M18 can produce two different types of antibiotics, pyoluteorin (Plt) and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). The global regulator RsmA is a translational repressor of secondary metabolism in many prokaryotes. A chromosomally rsmA inactivated mutant strain M18R was constructed to study the regulatory mechanism of Plt and PCA biosynthesis and enhancement of Plt or PCA production in Pseudomonas sp. M18. The accumulation of Plt increased six-fold over that of the wild-type strain whereas PCA production was not significantly affected in cultures of M18R. Plt production was inhibited completely but PCA biosynthesis was not altered after complementation with rsmA gene in trans in the strain of M18R. The differential activity of rsmA gene on these two operons was further confirmed by the analysis of β-galactosidase activities from translational phzA′-′lacZ and pltA′-′lacZ fusion, in which phzA is the first enzyme gene of the phenazine biosynthesis pathway and pltA is the first gene of the pyoluteorin biosynthesis pathway. The results indicate that RsmA can control Plt production negatively but not PCA production in M18, and show that the global regulator RsmA does not repress the biosynthesis of all secondary metabolites.     

猪囊尾蚴疫苗候选基因TSO18在酵母中的高效表达

将猪带绦虫六钩蚴TSO18基因亚克隆至毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9K,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K_TSO18,电转化毕赤酵母菌GS115,使重组表达载体与酵母染色体发生同源整合。采用G418抗性梯度法筛选得到多拷贝重组菌株,用甲醇进行诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS_PAGE和Western blot分析、脱糖基化分析、分子筛纯化和小鼠免疫接种等表明,目的蛋白得到了高效表达并进行了适度的糖基化,易于纯化且具有免疫活性。在5L发酵罐中目的蛋白表达量达到2.54mg/mL,为制备基因工程疫苗打下了坚实的基础。     

Revision of the Childiidae (Acoela), a total evidence approach in reconstructing the phylogeny of acoels with reversed muscle layers

The Childiidae sensu Dörjes 1968 comprises the acoel worms characterized by a cone‐shaped penis with muscular or sclerotized elements. Based on differences in body‐wall musculature arrangement, Hooge (2001) recently restricted the family to the genus Childia Graff, 1910 and placed the remaining genera to his new family Actinoposthiidae Hooge 2001 . This rearrangement has been questioned ( Raikova et al. 2004 ). We reconstructed the phylogeny of the Childiidae sensu Dörjes 1968 by means of a total evidence analysis including Histone H3, 28S rDNA and new 18S rDNA sequences, as well as 50 morphological characters. New characters of the muscular system and copulatory organs discovered through confocal laser scanning microscopy of phalloidin‐stained specimens are included in the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 12 taxa (nine ingroup and three outgroup) were used in the parsimony analysis of the 18S data set, which was aligned with different parameters for a sensitivity analysis, and the combined data set (18S + 28S + H3 + morphology). Incongruence in the node support of the groups among the four partitions was very low in the total evidence tree; except for the H3 partition. The conflict observed in the H3 partition is likely due to large homoplasy observed in the synonymous alternatives at both first and third codon positions. All data partitions demonstrated that Actinoposthia beklemischevi Mamkaev 1965 , and the newly defined taxon Childiidae (comprising Childia and Paraphanostoma Westblad 1942 ) are not close relatives. The monophyly of Childia and Paraphanostoma is strongly supported by both the 18S and 28S data partitions. Our study also reveals additional apomorphies uniting Childia with Paraphanostoma from body‐wall musculature, statocyst muscles and male copulatory organ. Muscular system, statocyst muscles, male copulatory organ and nervous system characters proved to be the best characters for taxonomic delimitations of subtaxa within the Childiidae, whereas the seminal bursa (a frequently used character in the taxonomy of Acoela) was highly homoplastic. We also described the body‐wall musculature of six Paraphanostoma species, which is characterized by the reversed arrangement of the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, and by the absence of diagonal muscles on the ventral side of the body and the presence of two types of diagonal muscles on the dorsal side. Childia groenlandica (Levinsen, 1879) is nested among the Paraphanostoma species in our total evidence tree, so we synonymize Paraphanostoma with Childia; all former members of Paraphanostoma are transferred to Childia.     

吸烟对下呼吸道感染患者诱导痰中 IL-4和IL-17的影响

目的探究吸烟对下呼吸道感染患者诱导痰中白介素4(IL-4)和白介素17(IL-17)的影响。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法分别对吸烟与非吸烟下呼吸道感染患者(共88例)以及76例健康体检者诱导痰中IL-4和IL-17水平进行检测,并对结果进行分析。结果下呼吸道感染患者中吸烟者与非吸烟者IL-4和IL-17水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。健康体检者中吸烟者与非吸烟者IL-4、IL-17比较差异也具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论吸烟与下呼吸道诱导痰中IL-4、IL-17的表达水平具有相关性,吸烟可使下呼吸道诱导痰中IL-4、IL-17水平升高。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肠道菌群变化 与IL-10、IL-17和IL-23的相关性

摘要：目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者肠道菌群变化与IL-10、IL-17和IL-23的相关性。方法 选取2016年1月至2018年1月期间我院收治的112例NAFLD患者为NAFLD组。选取同期进行体检的健康者100例为对照组。比较两组对象肠道菌群变化、IL-10、IL-17和IL-23水平,并进行Pearson相关性分析和Logistic回归分析。结果 NAFLD组患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量及B/E值显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）,肠杆菌、肠球菌数量显著高于对照组（均P<0.05）。NAFLD组患者血清IL-10水平显著低于对照组,IL-17、IL-23水平显著高于对照组（均P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,NAFLD患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量及B/E值与IL-10水平呈正相关,与IL-17、IL-23水平呈负相关（均P<0.05）;肠杆菌、肠球菌数量与IL-10水平呈负相关,与IL-17、IL-23水平呈正相关（均P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,IL-10、IL-17、IL-23是NAFLD患者B/E值的影响因素。结论 NAFLD患者存在肠道菌群失调,可能通过促进机体IL-10、IL-17和IL-23的表达参与NAFLD的发生和发展。     

A New Halophilic Heterolobosean Flagellate,Aurem hypersalina gen. n. et sp. n., Closely Related to the Pleurostomum‐Tulamoeba Clade: Implications for Adaptive Radiation of Halophilic Eukaryotes

Halophilic protozoa are independently scattered across the molecular phylogeny of eukaryotes; most of which are assigned to Heterolobosea. Here, we isolated a biflagellate from a hypersaline water of 342‰ salinity. This isolate shared several morphological features with typical halophilic heterolobosean flagellates. In addition, molecular phylogenetic trees of the 18S rRNA gene sequences clearly indicated flagellate is a heterolobosean species closely related to the halophilic Tulamoebidae. However, the flagellate was not accommodated to any described genus. Cells were ovoid‐shaped, and no amoebae were observed. The two unequal flagella beat heterodynamically. An ear‐like bulge at the margin of a cytostomal groove was observed. Flagellates could grow at 100–200‰ salinity, suggesting an obligately halophilic species. Currently, it appears that the new halophilic Aurem hypersalina forms a strong clade with Tulamoebidae, and is sister to the Tulamoebidae, indicating that this new clade is composed almost entirely of obligate halophilic taxa. Thus, A. hypersalina and the Tulamoebidae clade currently represent a unique adaptive radiation of halophilic eukaryotes.