基于NDVI监测5.12震后岷江河谷映秀汶川段滑坡体植被恢复

汶川5.12地震造成岷江流域生态环境严重受损,评估地震后自然植被恢复过程,对生态环境恢复和重建有着重要的意义。本研究以5.12地震前后（2007、2008及2011年）空间分辨率为30 m×30 m的TM遥感影像的NDVI指标为数据源,监测了岷江上游干旱河谷（映秀—汶川段）植被在地震前后的动态变化,并结合地形因子,分析了植被受损及地震3年后植被恢复的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）地震造成的研究区滑坡体面积约5 413.95 hm²,占总面积的34.74%;（2）滑坡体发育总体上与海拔呈负相关,与坡度呈正相关,与坡向无显着相关;（3）地震3年后,受损植被的平均恢复率达66.71%,其中中等及良好恢复的面积为3 942.54 hm²,占滑坡总面积的72.82%。研究结果也显示植被恢复与坡度、海拔有很高的一致性,及植被恢复的复杂性。     

Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors

• 1 We reviewed worldwide spatial patterns in the food habits of the brown bear Ursus arctos in relation to geographical (latitude, longitude, altitude) and environmental (temperature, snow cover depth and duration, precipitation, primary productivity) variables.
• 2 We collected data from 28 studies on brown bear diet based on faecal analysis, covering the entire geographical range of this widely distributed large carnivore. We analysed separately four data sets based on different methods of diet assessment.
• 3 Temperature and snow conditions were the most important factors determining the composition of brown bear diet. Populations in locations with deeper snow cover, lower temperatures and lower productivity consumed significantly more vertebrates, fewer invertebrates and less mast. Trophic diversity was positively correlated with temperature, precipitation and productivity but negatively correlated with the duration of snow cover and snow depth. Brown bear populations from temperate forest biomes had the most diverse diet. In general, environmental factors were more explicative of diet than geographical variables.
• 4 Dietary spatial patterns were best revealed by the relative biomass and energy content methods of diet analysis, whereas the frequency of occurrence and relative biomass methods were most appropriate for investigating variation in trophic diversity.
• 5 Spatial variation in brown bear diet is the result of environmental conditions, especially climatic factors, which affect the nutritional and energetic requirements of brown bears as well as the local availability of food. The trade‐off between food availability on the one hand, and nutritional and energetic requirements on the other hand, determines brown bear foraging decisions. In hibernating species such as the brown bear, winter severity seems to play a role in determining foraging strategies. Large‐scale reviews of food habits should be based on several measures of diet composition, with special attention to those methods reflecting the energetic value of food.

     

近20年亚欧大陆植被指数(NDVI)对大尺度气候变化的敏感性

利用1982～2000年4～10月的AVHRR-NDVI数据,分析了大尺度的气候(温度)变化对欧亚大陆植被状况的影响.分析方法为奇异值分解,从温度和NDVI的年际变化中检测出二者最重要和最密切的大尺度空间相关特征.用每个奇异值的平方占总的协方差平方和的比例(解释率),可以度量每对模态的重要性.春季(4和5月)、夏季和秋季(9和10月)的解释率分别是60.9%、39.5%和24.6%,这说明整体上春季植被状况对温度的敏感性高于夏季和秋季.奇异值分解的显著模态中心是二者关系最密切的地区,也就是NDVI对温度最敏感的地区,春季为西西伯利亚和东欧东北部,敏感性为 0.308 0 NDVI/℃;夏季没有特别突出的敏感中心,选择与计算春季相同格点数的高值中心,其敏感性为 0.248 0 NDVI/℃;秋季敏感中心在亚洲东部高纬度地区,相同格点大小范围(110°～140° E,55°～65°N)平均敏感性为 0.087 5 NDVI/℃.这种大尺度的NDVI-气温的关系及其敏感性非常稳定,并不随使用的NDVI的空间分辨率的改变而改变.     

Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China, 1982—1999

The搊pening?policiesimplementedinChinainthepasttwodecadeshaveresultedinextensivechangesinlanduseandlandcover.Vegetationactivityhasincreasedthroughagriculturalpracticessuchasafforestation,irrigation,andintensiveagriculturalmanagement[1,2].Ontheotherhand,vegetationcover-agehasdecreasedduetorapidurbanization,industri-alization,andovergrazing[3,4].Thus,therearecon-flictingreportsregardingthestatusofChina抯vegeta-tion,asnointegrativeanalysisatthenationallevelhasyetbeenconducted.Thisstudyaimstoexpl…     

黄河三角洲植被空间分布特征及其环境解释

为了解黄河三角洲地区植被空间分布与环境因子之间的关系,通过局地植被样方调查、区域遥感影像提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)及地形高度、地下水位埋深、表层土壤Cl~-含量等环境数据采集,综合样地植被与环境数据进行了除趋势对应分析(DCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA),并对区域NDVI与主要环境变量进行了单因子相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:DCA排序可将黄河三角洲植被分为翅碱蓬、柽柳-翅碱蓬、芦苇-柽柳、芦苇4个主要群落类型(群丛),DCCA与DCA排序图总体相似,但DCCA更清晰地表明其第一轴主要代表的是潜水Cl~-浓度等关键水盐因子,且随着水土环境系统盐分含量的减小,群落由翅碱蓬逐渐向芦苇演变。区域典型植被群落和NDVI分布格局与变化趋势受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度2个环境因素影响较大(NDVI与2个环境变量间建立的二元回归方程R~2=0.57),而土壤Cl~-含量的植被效应实际上受地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度的影响。在区域地下水普遍浅埋条件下,地下水成为影响植被生长与分布的生态环境最敏感要素,而地下水位埋深和潜水Cl~-浓度是这一要素中的2个关键因子,尤其是后者梯度变化对天然植被分布格局起重要的控制作用。     

基于NDVI时间序列轨迹的草原露天矿区植被时空动态特征

采矿作用下草原露天矿区植被时空动态特征尚不明确.以胜利露天矿区为例,选取MODIS和Landsat影像,利用ESTARFM构建2001—2015年植被生长期一致的年际Landsat时间序列,以时间分割算法拟合像元NDVI时间序列轨迹,结合轨迹形态特征提取早期扰动型、持续扰动型、扰动稳定型、扰动稳定恢复型和扰动恢复型5种植被动态类型及各类型的时间特征.结果表明:胜利矿区植被动态类型以扰动恢复型为主,占各类型像元总数的55.2%,扰动稳定型和持续下降型次之,分别为25.6%和11.0%,早期扰动型和扰动稳定恢复型较小,分别为3.5%和4.7%.扰动多发于2004—2009年,稳定期多始于2008年,空间上多分布于露天采场和排土场,恢复期多始于2008年和2010年,其空间范围较小且集中于矿井外围和排土场.扰动持续时长以1年为主,稳定期持续时长以7年为主,恢复期持续时长中稳定恢复型为2～5年,扰动恢复型为8年.     

Mapping marginal croplands suitable for cellulosic feedstock crops in the Great Plains,United States

Growing cellulosic feedstock crops (e.g., switchgrass) for biofuel is more environmentally sustainable than corn‐based ethanol. Specifically, this practice can reduce soil erosion and water quality impairment from pesticides and fertilizer, improve ecosystem services and sustainability (e.g., serve as carbon sinks), and minimize impacts on global food supplies. The main goal of this study was to identify high‐risk marginal croplands that are potentially suitable for growing cellulosic feedstock crops (e.g., switchgrass) in the US Great Plains (GP). Satellite‐derived growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, a switchgrass biomass productivity map obtained from a previous study, US Geological Survey (USGS) irrigation and crop masks, and US Department of Agriculture (USDA) crop indemnity maps for the GP were used in this study. Our hypothesis was that croplands with relatively low crop yield but high productivity potential for switchgrass may be suitable for converting to switchgrass. Areas with relatively low crop indemnity (crop indemnity <$2 157 068) were excluded from the suitable areas based on low probability of crop failures. Results show that approximately 650 000 ha of marginal croplands in the GP are potentially suitable for switchgrass development. The total estimated switchgrass biomass productivity gain from these suitable areas is about 5.9 million metric tons. Switchgrass can be cultivated in either lowland or upland regions in the GP depending on the local soil and environmental conditions. This study improves our understanding of ecosystem services and the sustainability of cropland systems in the GP. Results from this study provide useful information to land managers for making informed decisions regarding switchgrass development in the GP.     

云南中部地区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其影响因素研究

基于MODIS NDVI数据通过像元二分模型提取植被覆盖, 利用线性趋势、相关分析方法分析了云南中部地区2000—2016年植被覆盖的时空分布特征与变化趋势, 并探讨了气候因子、地形因子、人类活动对其植被覆盖的影响。研究结果为: 云南中部地区植被覆盖春季最低(平均58.75%), 秋季最高(平均66.30%), 大部分地区年植被覆盖度的平均值在50%—70%之间; 植被覆盖高值区主要分布在曲靖境内(>80%); 滇池周边人口高密度区植被覆盖常年最低(<20%)。近17年来云南中部地区植被覆盖总体呈现增长趋势, 年平均增长率0.3%•a-1, 其中秋季增幅最大(0.42%•a-1)。坡度对植被覆盖影响较大, 坡度≤8°地区的植被覆盖明显较低。除了冬季降水量与植被覆盖呈现显著正相关关系, 其他季节多呈现负相关关系; 气温与植被覆盖多呈现正相关关系, 云南中部地区植被覆盖变化主要受气温影响。人类活动对植被覆盖变化影响较大, 造林面积变化与植被覆盖趋势变化具有相对一致性, 经济发展水平较高的昆明市区植被覆盖为常年最低。