植被重建对露天煤矿排土场土壤酶活性的影响

植被重建是露天煤矿排土场生态恢复的关键措施,深入了解植被建设对土壤酶活性的影响,对于合理选择适宜于矿区生态恢复的人工植被和加速矿区土壤生态恢复具有重要意义。通过野外调查采样和室内分析,研究了黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场植被重建和恢复对浅层(0—20 cm)土壤酶活性(包括3种氧化还原酶:过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶,4种水解酶:蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶)的影响。结果表明:相比未进行植被建设的新排土场裸地,植被重建显著改善了土壤酶活性和理化性质,建植18a后土壤酶活性可恢复到天然植被区的65%—76%,水解酶恢复速率(平均为86.9%)快于氧化还原酶(平均为42.7%),其中土壤磷酸酶恢复速率最快(平均为天然植被区的154.7%),其次为蔗糖酶(74.3%)、纤维素酶(59.9%)、脲酶(58.5%)、过氧化氢酶(52.1%)和脱氢酶(38.1%),多酚氧化酶恢复最慢(为37.8%)。植被恢复进程中,建植10a期土壤酶活性年均恢复速率最快(平均为6.0%/a),15a变缓(4.8%/a),18a迅速降低(3.2%/a)。同时植被配置类型对土壤酶活性影响显著,土壤酶活性与土壤主要理化因子具有较高的相关性。上述结果反映了植被重建能显著改善矿区排土场的土壤酶活性,植被恢复进程中水解酶恢复速率快于氧化还原酶,恢复初期快于后期,但土壤酶活性的恢复需要一个漫长的过程。     

基于高光谱遥感的排土场植被覆盖与植物多样性分析

排土场作为矿区的典型扰动斑块,属于矿区生态修复的重点对象.研究人为重建的排土场生态系统物种多样性情况,分析不同坡度下植被覆盖度和植物配置,可为排土场的植被重建工程提供植物物种筛选依据和配置方案.本文以宝日希勒煤矿外排土场北坡为研究区,运用无人机高光谱遥感技术获取研究区影像,结合野外实测手段建立矿区典型植物光谱库,采用光...     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场土壤与地形因子对植被恢复的影响

在脆弱的生态环境改善和恢复过程中,植被恢复与重建扮演着重要的角色。黄土露天煤矿区生态环境极其脆弱,认识矿区损毁土地植被恢复与地形、土壤因子之间的作用规律对矿区土地复垦与生态恢复改善至关重要。为此,选择山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场对2条样带27个复垦样地的土壤、地形、植被参数进行了采集与测定,并应用单因素方差分析与CANOCO4.5软件的降趋势对应分析和冗余分析研究了地形与土壤因子对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:植被与土壤变量之间呈显著相关,与地形变量之间相关性不明显;坡度主要影响草本覆盖度,坡向与有机质和速效磷之间具有线性相关性;速效钾对植被的变化起着重要的作用;土壤容重与砾石含量对土壤养分含量具有明显的指示作用;有机质与全氮呈显著正相关,各土壤养分指标之间存在明显的相关关系。为了改善和恢复黄土区露天煤矿排土场脆弱的生态系统,应该考虑植被和土壤的联合演替。在当地的生态环境状况下土地复垦与生态恢复的关键是改善土壤状况和增加人工植被,同时加强对排土场人工和自然植被的保护。     

高寒地区煤矿排土场植被恢复研究——以内蒙古扎哈淖尔煤矿为例

高寒煤矿排土场植被恢复是制约我国矿区绿色可持续发展亟待解决问题，内蒙古扎哈淖尔煤矿通过不同的生态措施对排土场进行人工植被恢复的实践。本研究在2020年和2021年对该高寒煤矿排土场75个样地进行野外连续监测，对不同生态恢复措施影响高寒地区内蒙古扎哈淖尔露天煤矿排土场植物恢复过程中的群落组成、盖度、物种多样性进行分析，阐明不同恢复措施在高寒地区煤矿排土场植被恢复中的作用。研究结果表明：从2020年到2021年排土场的植物群落物种数、植被盖度和群落多样性存在显著的季节变化规律；周边原生草原的非人工种植植物随恢复时间增加而不断进入排土场，导致群落物种数显著增加；植物群落多样性在平面、坡面与田字格地形存在显著差异，田字格上Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低；坡度显著影响群落多样性，同时受到季节变化影响；喷播加灌木种植方式与其他4种播种方式相比显著增加群落香浓维纳多样性指数；但不同坡向、土壤施肥方式和水分灌溉方式对植物群落多样性没有显著影响。本研究结果可为完善草原露天煤矿植被恢复技术提供科学依据。     

植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响

目前关于植被恢复对排土场土壤团聚性的影响还不清楚,以植被恢复下黄土区露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用湿筛法测定了排土场土壤水稳性团聚体组成,研究了植被恢复类型(草地、灌木)和排土场地形(平台、边坡)对土壤团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:植被恢复促进了排土场水稳性团聚体的形成,平台0—20 cm土层水稳性大团聚体数量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别达到31.1%,0.70 mm和0.26 mm,边坡分别达到13.3%,0.37 mm和0.17 mm,均显著高于裸地,分形维数(D)在平台和边坡分别为2.91和2.96,均显著低于裸地;平台土壤团聚性要好于边坡,草地对于平台土壤团聚结构改良效果较好,而灌木对于边坡改良效果较好;排土场土壤有机碳和粘粒含量均与土壤团聚体指标有显著相关性。植被恢复提高了排土场土壤团聚性,植被恢复类型和地形对排土场土壤团聚体特征有显著影响。     

草原矿区排土场恢复重建人工植被变化

以典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场为研究对象, 研究不同水土保持工程措施与植物措施配置形式下排土场人工、半人工植物群落的植物种类组成、结构及物种多样性变化, 结果表明, 自然恢复的人工裸露边坡草层低矮、植物种类单一, 水土保持工程措施与植物措施相结合进行植被恢复的试验小区植物种类明显增加, 项目实施第三年试验区内共出现23 种植物, 分属10 科22 属, 单种科和单种属占优势; “生态袋一字型布设+撒播种草”试验小区出现的植物种类最多, 植物成活率高、Shannon-wiener 多样性指数、Margalef 丰富度指数较大, 这一措施配置形式在草原矿区排土场边坡植物群落快速建植和水土流失防治等方面效果均显著; 抗逆性强、具有固氮功能、性状优良的豆科牧草可作为草原矿区人工扰动后植被恢复重建的先锋物种。     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的水肥响应

矿区复垦植被与排土场土壤环境之间存在着复杂的交互关系,两者相互依存且制约;特别是土壤肥力和水分与植被恢复关系密切。因此,如何实现复垦植被与土壤水肥协调发展以促进生态系统的改善是矿区生态恢复的核心问题。为此,本文选择山西平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿排土场,通过典型样地调查方法来分析露天煤矿排土场土壤水肥特性与复垦植被因子之间的关系,同时构建耦合协调度模型来定量分析土壤水肥因素对植被生长的影响,并判断土壤水肥与复垦植被的协调程度。结果表明:在0~40 cm的土层中,土壤含水量随着深度的增加而增大,土壤有机质和全氮的变化趋势与之相反;土壤肥力特性相对于土壤含水量对复垦植被生长的影响更大;土壤水肥环境与复垦植被之间的耦合协调关系皆为基本协调。在土壤养分贫瘠且生态环境恶劣的黄土高原矿区,改善土壤肥力状况、筛选适宜的植被复垦模式及控制植被密度是生态重建的关键。本研究可为黄土区露天煤矿排土场土地复垦与生态恢复提供理论依据和参考。     

榆神府矿区植被覆盖的动态变化及其影响因素

为了研究榆神府矿区植被覆盖度的时空演化规律,基于2005—2016年12期MOD13Q1数据,采用像元二分法、线性回归趋势线法和地形面积差异修正系数等方法,研究榆神府矿区植被覆盖度的时空分布特征和变化趋势,并结合地形地貌、土地利用和采矿活动等数据分析其与植被覆盖度变化的关系。结果表明:(1)在研究时段内,榆神府矿区植被覆盖度变化幅度比较剧烈。植被覆盖度低的区域分布在矿区乌兰木伦河以南、无定河以北的范围内;植被覆盖度高的区域分布在神府新民矿区和榆横矿区南部。(2)植被覆盖度年际变化趋势呈东北向西南先下降后上升的改善趋势,植被改善区域占榆神府矿区总面积的90%以上。(3)在海拔899~1000 m、坡度8°~12°和平原地区植被覆盖度的平均值最高;在海拔1000~1437 m、坡度4°~28°和丘陵地区植被改善类型的面积比最大。2010—2015年土地利用转换类型对于植被的影响要好于2005—2010年,且植被均以改善型为主。(4)由煤矿点、厂房、排土场、塌陷地以及缓冲区内植被覆盖分析可知,采矿活动对矿区植被影响比较明显。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被组成特征及其群落稳定性评价

研究植被恢复过程中植物群落组成、结构及稳定性的变化,可进一步了解到植物群落的演替过程及规律。采用空间代时间的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场边坡人工恢复植被进行群落调查,在此基础上采用多样性指数与优化后的M.Godron稳定性指数对植物物种组成、物种多样性及其群落稳定性进行分析,探究不同恢复年限排土场边坡植被在恢复过程中群落特征及稳定性变化特征。结果表明：（1）排土场边坡植物物种组成共有16科44属56种,植物群落组成较简单,其中禾本科种类最多,生长型以草本植物为主。（2）随着恢复年限的增加,植物生活型由一、二年生转变为多年生,坡面优势种由人工种植植物转变为本土植物。（3）整体看,随着恢复年限增加,物种多样性呈下降趋势,群落稳定性整体呈上升趋势。（4）由于不同坡向土壤微环境差异,北坡恢复效果及稳定性好于南坡。本研究在一定程度上可为露天煤矿排土场边坡人工修复过程中植物物种及合理配置模式的选择提供科学依据。     

基于多时相Landsat遥感影像的海州露天煤矿排土场植被时空特征分析

矿区土地复垦是目前土地整理的一项重要内容,也是矿区可持续发展实现的保障.矿区植被及其恢复状况是矿区土地复垦质量的一种重要的指示器,表征土地复垦的程度与质量.研究基于1975～2000年共4期遥感影像,构建植被覆盖度指数,考察辽宁省阜新市海州露天煤矿排土场25a来植被生长状况及时空变化特征.分析结果表明:1975～2000年间,研究区植被处于不断生长、逐渐恢复的状态,并存在明显的空间差异.时间尺度上,植被覆盖度较高(0.4～0.6)的区域所占面积比例从1975年的14.04%增长到2000年的34.83%;空间分布上,植被覆盖度低(0～0.25)的区域多分布在台地之间相连接的边坡位置上,植被覆盖度较高(0.25～0.6)的区域则分布于台地内部的平坦地面上.     

Comparison of regeneration following burning,clearing or mineral sand mining at Tomago,NSW: I. Structure and growth of the vegetation

Abstract We have begun a long-term ecological research project to address questions about the impact of multiple disturbances on the species richness of communities and whether multiple disturbances are additive or interactive. A protected water catchment area was chosen, which is subjected to fires, sand mining and clearing, and for which detailed records are available. The study area, at Tomago (32°52′S, 151°45′E), has forest, woodland, shrubland and swamp on a sand substrate, with the vegetated dunes forming part of a coastal embayment. Forty-four sites were located in forested areas that had undergone disturbance by either fire, sand mining or clearing. Sites of each disturbance type were grouped into four age classes: less than 1 year since disturbance, nominally 1991; 5 years, nominally 1986; 11 years, nominally 1980; and 17 years, nominally 1974. A set of burned sites, with the time of the last fire matched to the times of the other disturbances, was used as the control response. In this paper we describe the study area and sites, then examine the effects of each single disturbance on vegetation structure. Canopy cover increased with time and type of disturbance, with 17 year old cleared or mined sites similar to the cover of 11 year old burned sites. In the first two years after disturbance, burned sites had significantly more understorey vegetation than cleared or mined sites, but by 5 years all three were similar. The data presented here show that regeneration of mined sites at Tomago is substantially slower than regeneration following disturbance by fire, with the regeneration of cleared sites intermediate but closer to mining than fire. After 17 years regeneration, cleared and sand mined sites had not returned to the vegetation structure of the pre-disturbance state. Understorey height and the amount of vegetation on cleared or mined sites have not achieved the levels in the original forest, although canopy cover did seem to have reached pre-disturbance levels. Current rehabilitation techniques are more sophisticated than those used 17 years ago and continued monitoring of sites currently being rehabilitated may show a faster return to pre-disturbance states. Having established the hierarchy and nature of the response to each single disturbance here, we are now in a position to investigate the impact of multiple disturbances.     

干旱砾漠区露天采煤对草地植物群落特征及其稳定性影响

露天煤炭开采对区域地形地貌、水文循环和土壤植被等生态环境因子产生了较大干扰,但干旱砾漠区露天开采对周边植物群落及其稳定性的影响范围和程度仍有待深入研究,这个问题的探明才能为矿区植被恢复的精准施策提供科学依据。该文通过定量比较距露天开采区不同距离植物群落组成、多样性、生产力和稳定性变化特征,分析干旱砾漠区露天采煤对植物群落的影响范围和程度,并结合土壤性状和微气象因子的测量,探究影响干旱矿区植物群落特征的主导因子。结果表明:(1)干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场原始植被消失殆尽,开采区外围0~500 m范围内原优势物种重要值降低,伴生物种重要值增加,500 m后随着距开采区距离的增加优势植物重要值逐渐增加,至开采区800 m外植物群落组成趋于稳定;(2)开采区外围0~500 m范围内植物群落地上生物量、多样性和群落稳定性较5000 m处分别平均下降了53%、70%和37%,开采区500 m以外上述群落指标整体上变化不明显,而植被覆盖度在开采区外围不同距离并未表现出显著变化趋势;(3)土壤水分、有机质、有效氮磷钾、可溶性盐与植物群落地上生物量、多样性和稳定性呈正相关关系,而土壤pH、光照强度和地表温度与上述植物群落指标呈负相关关系。因此干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场及开采区外围0~500 m范围是矿区生态修复过程中重点考虑区域,同时研究表明干旱砾漠区植被主要分布在砾漠戈壁浅沟和季节性河道等生境相对良好的凹陷微地形条件下,综合可得出干旱砾漠区植被修复过程中可通过微地形塑造、土壤改良和乡土物种繁殖促进,以实现干旱矿区生态系统的稳定和可持续发展。     

露天煤矿区生态风险受体分析——以内蒙古平庄西露天煤矿为例

煤矿露天开采行为导致矿区岩体剥离、植被破坏和土壤物理化学性质的巨大改变,对采矿区土壤生态系统造成剧烈扰动,使其成为水土流失、滑坡等矿区潜在生态风险的主要受体。以内蒙古平庄西露天煤矿区土壤生态系统为研究对象,通过分析矿区主要景观单元的土壤理化性质、植被演替规律与土壤线虫群落结构特征,研究其生态脆弱性分布与变化规律。结果表明矿区土壤系统的成熟度与稳定度与其形成年限具有相关性,但与农田生态系统和未受扰动的自然生态系统相比,煤矿开采区与排弃物堆放区的土壤结构较差、土壤肥力偏低、动、植物群落成熟度和稳定性较差。受土壤养分条件及土壤微生物数量等因素的限制,其植被自然恢复速度慢,生态系统脆弱,需通过土壤改良、合理选种适生植物、改善土壤养分条件,促进植被重建。     

Effects of disturbance on plant regrowth along snow pack gradients in alpine habitats

Human disturbance in alpine habitats is expected to increase, and improved knowledge of short-term recovery after disturbance events is necessary to interpret vegetation responses and formulate planning and mitigation efforts. The ability of a plant community to return to its original state after a disturbance (community resilience) depends on species composition and environmental conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze initial short-term effects of disturbance in alpine plant communities in contrasting climates (oceanic vs. continental; central Norway). We used a nested block-design to examine vegetative regrowth and seedling recruitment after experimental perturbation. Three plant community types along the snow pack gradient were exposed to (1) no disturbance, (2) clipping, and (3) clipping and uprooting. Slow vegetative regrowth and low seedling establishment rates were found in dry alpine ridges and late-melting oceanic snowbed communities. Leeside habitats with intermediate snow conditions were found more resilient. The difference was related to growth form and species diversity. Woody species, which dominated in ridges and oceanic snowbeds, showed the most negative response to disturbance. Species-rich plant communities dominated by graminoids and herbs showed higher rates of regrowth. Species richness seems to cause resilience to the plant communities through higher response diversity. Plant communities at the extreme ends of abiotic gradients, ridges and late-melting snowbeds, will be most sensitive to both disturbance and environmental change. In an up-scaled human-used landscape disturbance effects will be amplified and further limit recovery to a pre-disturbance state.     

Comparison of regeneration following burning,clearing or mineral sand mining at Tomago,NSW: II. Succession of ant assemblages in a coastal forest

Abstract The dry sclerophyll forest community of the Tomago Sandbeds, near Newcastle in New South Wales, has been subject to regular disturbances due to fire, clearing and strip mining for over 18 years. In this study we use chronosequence analysis to examine whether the structure of the ant community varies with the type of disturbance and the time since disturbance. We treat the recovery trajectory after fire as a control trajectory because fire is an endogenous disturbance. The main analyses were based on an ant fauna comprising 72 species sampled from 44 sites surveyed in December 1992. Comparison with samples taken in April and December 1991, and for cumulative records for all sites over this 20 month period, all show quantitatively similar responses. Results suggest that while fire has a minor effect on the composition of the ant community over time, the impact of clearing and mining is much more severe. Ant species richness at cleared and mined sites recovers rapidly, overshoots controls in mid-succession and returns to control levels by 18 years after disturbance. The cumulative number of species recorded over all sites (from the total recorded fauna of 82 species) for each different disturbance type were: burned, 61; cleared, 55; and mined 56. Species composition at cleared or mined sites, after 18 years, approaches but does not match controls. The recovery trend for mined sites lags slightly behind that for cleared sites, which have reached 49% similarity with the oldest burned sites, while mined sites have not exceeded 39% similarity of species composition. The main patterns in the ant community appear to be related to habitat variables. These results provide further evidence that the ant community may be used as a reliable bio-indicator for evaluating the extent of habitat damage and recovery after disturbance in these Australian forests.     

A decade of belowground reorganization following multiple disturbances in a subtropical wet forest

Humid tropical forests are dynamic ecosystems that experience multiple and overlapping disturbance events that vary in frequency, intensity, and spatial extent. Here we report the results of a 10-year study investigating the effects of forest clearing and multiple hurricanes on ecosystem carbon reservoirs, nutrient pools and vegetation. The aboveground plant community was most heavily affected by multiple disturbances, with the 9-year-old stands showing high rates of hurricane-induced mortality relative to surrounding forest. Belowground pools were less affected. Live fine root biomass fluctuated in response to multiple disturbances, but returned to pre-disturbance levels after 10 years. Soil C was resilient to clearing and hurricanes, probably due to the large pool size and high clay content. Soil P fluctuated over time, declining during periods of rapid plant recovery and growth. With the exception of K, base cations recovered within 2 years following clearing and showed little response to hurricane disturbance.     

Phenology-based,remote sensing of post-burn disturbance windows in rangelands

Wildland fire activity has increased in many parts of the world in recent decades. Ecological disturbance by fire can accelerate ecosystem degradation processes such as erosion due to combustion of vegetation that otherwise provides protective cover to the soil surface. This study employed a novel ecological indicator based on remote sensing of vegetation greenness dynamics (phenology) to estimate variability in the window of time between fire and the reemergence of green vegetation. The indicator was applied as a proxy for short-term, post-fire disturbance windows in rangelands; where a disturbance window is defined as the time required for an ecological or geomorphic process that is altered to return to pre-disturbance levels. We examined variability in the indicator determined for time series of MODIS and AVHRR NDVI remote sensing data for a database of ∼100 historical wildland fires, with associated post-fire reseeding treatments, that burned 1990–2003 in cold desert shrub steppe of the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau of the western USA. The indicator-based estimates of disturbance window length were examined relative to the day of the year that fires burned and seeding treatments to consider effects of contemporary variability in fire regime and management activities in this environment. A key finding was that contemporary changes of increased length of the annual fire season could have indirect effects on ecosystem degradation, as early season fires appeared to result in longer time that soils remained relatively bare of the protective cover of vegetation after fires. Also important was that reemergence of vegetation did not occur more quickly after fire in sites treated with post-fire seeding, which is a strategy commonly employed to accelerate post-fire vegetation recovery and stabilize soil. Future work with the indicator could examine other ecological factors that are dynamic in space and time following disturbance – such as nutrient cycling, carbon storage, microbial community composition, or soil hydrology – as a function of disturbance windows, possibly using simulation modeling and historical wildfire information.     

Secondary succession in coastal dune fynbos: variation due to site and disturbance

Succession after fire and bushcutting in coastal dune fynbos was monitored for two and a half years and comparisons were made with adjacent, mature (13 year-old) fynbos. Sixty-two to 68% of pre-disturbance species, including all the dominants, were found in the successional communities 1.5 yr after disturbance: the patterns thus fitted the initial floristic composition model. On the more mesic south facing slope, post-fire succession differed from the north-facing (burnt) and bushcut sites in that ordinations showed a clear separation between the mature and successional communities. This difference was due to the post-fire abundance on the southfacing slope site of short-and medium-lived species not present in the mature fynbos. One and a half years after disturbance, species richness and equitability had increased relative to mature vegetation. This increase was greatest for the south facing slope where short-and medium-lived species and juveniles of pre-disturbance dominants co-occurred. In general, successional patterns were consistent with those described for other fynbos and fire-prone mediterranean shrublands.