中国堇菜（堇菜科）两新异名

将《中国植物志》中未收录的我国堇菜属2种Viola hupeiana W.Beck.和Violapulla W.Beck.分别处理为Violaverecunda A.Gray和Violalucens W.Beck.的异名。     

宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)、紫花地丁(V. yedoensis)光合异质性比较

利用荧光成像技术,研究了特定和不同光合有效辐射下,宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)、紫花地丁(V.yedoensis)不同叶龄(幼叶和成熟叶片)叶片纵向(叶基、叶中部、叶尖)间的光合异质性特征。特定光化光照射下,两种堇菜不同叶龄的Fv/Fm、ΦpsⅡ、qP、PS/50和Abs在叶尖、叶中部、叶基间呈依次降低趋势,NPQ/4和qN变化趋势与之相反。Fv/Fm、ΦpsⅡ和Abs在两种堇菜不同叶龄的叶片纵向间均没有显著性差异,NPQ/4和qN均显示宝山堇菜不同叶龄的叶片纵向间存在显著差异;但NPQ/4和qN分别显示紫花地丁成熟叶和幼叶叶片的叶尖和叶基处差异显著。qP的显著差异只存在于宝山堇菜幼叶的叶尖和叶基处,PS/50在两种植物幼叶纵向间均有显著差异。快速光曲线的变化中,两种堇菜α由叶尖向叶基下降幅度不明显,幼叶纵向间Pm差异显著,成熟叶叶尖处Pm显著高于叶中部和叶基。两种堇菜成熟叶叶尖处Ik显著高于叶中部和叶基,宝山堇菜幼叶纵向间Ik差异显著,而紫花地丁幼叶纵向间Ik差异不显著。以上结果反映出两种堇菜叶片纵向间Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ具有较高的均质性,Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ的下降受到NPQ/4、qN、qP、PS/50和Abs的综合影响,但Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ的变化与NPQ/4、qN、qP、PS/50的显著变化并不一致。叶龄对两种堇菜叶片纵向间α影响不显著,对Pm影响显著,α的小幅下降反映两种堇菜叶片纵向间捕光能力基本相同。叶片纵向间Ik的显著差异受叶龄和植物种类的综合影响。     

宝山堇菜（Viola baoshanensis）镉胁迫下的光合作用

利用荧光成像技术研究了自然生长状态下宝山堇菜、紫花地丁镉含量与光合作用间的关系。野外调查表明,宝山堇菜、紫花地丁镉含量差异显著,地上部分镉含量分别为867mg/kg和2mg/kg,相差近450倍;镉转运系数、富集系数,宝山堇菜均大于1,紫花地丁均小于1。叶绿素荧光参数,宝山堇菜F_m、I_k、P_m均显著低于紫花地丁（p=0.05）;两种植物间F_o、F_v/F_m、α均无显著差异。紫花地丁地上部分镉含量与叶绿素荧光参数的相关性较低,宝山堇菜地上部分镉含量与F_m、P_m、I_k达到极显著负相关。F_v/F_m,宝山堇菜、紫花地丁均在0.8左右,与镉的相关性较低,表明其光合作用没有受到镉胁迫。但是,宝山堇菜Fm显著低于紫花地丁,而且与镉呈负相关,表明宝山堇菜叶片Fm会随镉含量的增加而降低,预示镉可能会造成宝山堇菜光系统Ⅱ叶绿素结构破坏或者抑制其电子传递。参数I_k和P_m在两种植物间差异显著及其与宝山堇菜地上部分镉含量显著负相关反映宝山堇菜光耐受能力和电子传递能力在镉胁迫下逐渐减弱。初始斜率α始终维持在较高水平,说明镉胁迫并未对宝山堇菜捕光系统造成显著伤害。结合Fm值的变化和快速光曲线中荧光参数的变化推断镉最有可能会造成宝山堇菜电子传递能力的减弱。     

蔓茎堇菜基因组DNA 3种提取方法的比较研究

以SDS作为解离剂,采用常规SDS法、改进的SDS法及SDS高盐低pH法分离提取蔓茎堇菜基因组DNA.比较3种方法的提取效果,结果表明：常规SDS法DNA得率高但完整性及纯度较差;改进的SDS法DNA质量好但得率相对较低;只有SDS高盐低pH法是最为理想的提取方法,不同组织提取的DNA相对分子质量均大于48 kb,260 nm/280 nm光密度比值在1.7～1.9之间,产率为479.0～543.9μg/g,所得DNA可直接用于限制性内切酶酶切,并适于进行RAPD分析.     

堇菜属植物的药用历史和品种考证

堇菜属植物药用历史悠久,品种繁多。本研究根据古本草文献中所载堇菜属植物的原文和附图,运用现代植物分类学方法,从药用历史和品种两方面对堇菜属药用植物进行本草考证,明确其历史源流,以期正本清源,为堇菜属药用植物的开发与应用奠定基础。     

Isolation of a new bioactive cinnamic acid derivative from the whole plant of Viola betonicifolia

A new cinnamic acid derivative was isolated from the whole plant of Viola betonicifolia as off white needle. On the basis of various modern spectroscopic techniques including HREI–MS and 1D and 2D NMR, its structure was elucidated as 2,4-dihydroxy, 5-methoxy-cinnamic acid. It showed marked inhibition against DPPH (diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radicals with IC₅₀ = 124?±?5.76 µM. The antioxidant property of the compound was compared with α-tocopherole and vitamin C having IC₅₀ values 96?±?0.46 and 90?±?0.56 µM, respectively. In case of antiglycation assay, the compound exhibited moderate activity (IC₅₀ = 355?±?7.56 µM) similar to standard compound, rutin (IC₅₀ = 294?±?0.56 µM). However, it was non-toxic to PC-3 cell line. It is concluded that 2,4-dihydroxy, 5-methoxy-cinnamic acid has antiglycation potential which was further augmented by its antioxidant activity and thus offered an ideal natural therapeutic option for the effective management of diabetes.     

Primary and 3-D modelled structures of two cyclotides from Viola odorata

Two polypeptides named vodo M and vodo N, both of 29 amino acids, have been isolated from Viola odorata L. (Violaceae) using ion exchange chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. The sequences were determined by automated Edman degradation, quantitative amino acid analysis, and mass spectrometry (MS). Using MS, it was established that vodo M (cyclo-SWPVCTRNGAPICGESCFTGKCYTVQCSC) and vodo N (cyclo-SWPVCYRNGLPVCGETCTLGKCYTAGCSC) form a head-to-tail cyclic backbone and that six cysteine residues are involved in three disulphide bonds. Their origin, sequences, and cyclic nature suggest that these peptides belong to the family of cyclic plant peptides, called cyclotides. The three-dimensional structures of vodo M and vodo N were modelled by homology, using the experimentally determined structure of the cyclotide kalata B1 as the template. The images of vodo M and vodo N show amphipathic structures with considerable surface hydrophobicity for a protein modelled in a polar environment.     

Genetic structure among and within peripheral and central populations of three endangered floodplain violets

Understanding the partitioning of genetic variance in peripheral and central populations may shed more light on the effects of genetic drift and gene flow on population genetic structure and, thereby, improve attempts to conserve genetic diversity. We analysed genetic structure of peripheral and central populations of three insect-pollinated violets (Viola elatior, Viola pumila, Viola stagnina) to evaluate to what extent these patterns can be explained by gene flow and genetic drift. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used to analyse 930 individuals of 50 populations. Consistent with theoretical predictions, peripheral populations were smaller and more isolated, differentiation was stronger, and genetic diversity and gene flow lower in peripheral populations of V. pumila and V. stagnina. In V. elatior, probably historic fragmentation effects linked to its specific habitat type were superimposed on the plant geographic (peripheral-central) patterns, resulting in lower relative importance of gene flow in central populations. Genetic variation between regions (3-6%), among (30-37%) and within populations (60-64%) was significant. Peripheral populations lacked markers that were rare and localized in central populations. Loss of widespread markers in peripheral V. stagnina populations indicated genetic erosion. Autocorrelation within populations was statistically significant up to a distance of 10-20 m. Higher average genetic similarity in peripheral populations than in central ones indicated higher local gene flow, probably owing to management practices. Peripheral populations contributed significantly to genetic variation and contained unique markers, which made them valuable for the conservation of genetic diversity.     

Relationships among growth, development and plastic response to environment quality in a perennial plant

Phenotypic traits differ between plants in different environments and within individuals as they grow and develop. Comparing plants in different environments at a common age can obscure the developmental basis for differences in phenotype means in different environments. Here, we compared trait means and patterns of trait ontogeny for perennial (Viola septemloba) plants growing in environments that differed in quality either naturally or due to experimental manipulation. Consistent with predictions for adaptive stress resistance, plants grown in lower-quality environments allocated proportionately more biomass to roots and rhizomes, and produced smaller, thicker and longer-lived leaves. The developmental trajectory of almost all traits differed between environments, and these differences contributed to observed differences in trait means. Plants were able to alter their initial developmental trajectory in response to an increase in resources after 8 wk of growth. This result contrasts with previous findings, and may reflect a difference in the way that annual and perennial species respond to stress. Our results demonstrate the complexity of interactions between the environment and the development of the phenotype that underlie putatively adaptive plastic responses to environment quality.     

基于数字化标本和种群形态变异特征试论块茎堇菜的分类地位

块茎堇菜是青藏高原及其邻近地区的一种特有两型闭花植物,目前其分类地位存在诸多争议。据此,本文对块茎堇菜及其近缘类群鳞茎堇菜的主要数字化标本以及同域分布的几个自然种群的叶片形态变异特征进行了分析。结果显示,所有参试数字化标本被分为两个明显不同的集群,一个集群符合块茎堇菜的叶片形态,另一集群则符合鳞茎堇菜;同样,同域分布的6个自然种群也分为两个集群。此外,叶片形态变异分析还显示叶片先端和叶基部形态参数ΔW、AL、BL和LWR在块茎堇菜/鳞茎堇菜同一类群不同种群间或种群内变异幅度较小且较为稳定,然而它们在不同类群间差异却极为显著（P<0.01）。因此,块茎堇菜和鳞茎堇菜理应作为两个不同的类群处理,这也表明叶片形态特征完全可以作为鳞茎堇菜和块茎堇菜的重要分类学依据。