山东堇菜属（堇菜科）植物叶表皮微形态的比较研究

利用光学显微镜对山东堇菜属Viola L.20种2变种植物的叶上、下表皮微形态进行了研究。结果表明,该属植物叶表皮细胞为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁为波形、浅波形或平直弓形,气孔器为不等型（偶上表皮兼有平列型）。根据其上表皮是否具有平列型气孔器,可将其分为两个类型,即①上表皮有平列型气孔器,如三色堇;②上表皮无平列型气孔器,如该属绝大多数植物。类型②又根据叶表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样之不同,进一步划分为4个亚类型。表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样对该属内种、变种的鉴定具有重要的意义。不赞成将早开堇菜、茜堇菜合并到紫花地丁;不支持将阴地堇菜作为蒙古堇菜的鉴定;不支持将泰山堇菜合并到早开堇菜、将总裂叶堇菜降为裂叶堇菜的变种。     

Isolation of a new bioactive cinnamic acid derivative from the whole plant of Viola betonicifolia

A new cinnamic acid derivative was isolated from the whole plant of Viola betonicifolia as off white needle. On the basis of various modern spectroscopic techniques including HREI–MS and 1D and 2D NMR, its structure was elucidated as 2,4-dihydroxy, 5-methoxy-cinnamic acid. It showed marked inhibition against DPPH (diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radicals with IC₅₀ = 124?±?5.76 µM. The antioxidant property of the compound was compared with α-tocopherole and vitamin C having IC₅₀ values 96?±?0.46 and 90?±?0.56 µM, respectively. In case of antiglycation assay, the compound exhibited moderate activity (IC₅₀ = 355?±?7.56 µM) similar to standard compound, rutin (IC₅₀ = 294?±?0.56 µM). However, it was non-toxic to PC-3 cell line. It is concluded that 2,4-dihydroxy, 5-methoxy-cinnamic acid has antiglycation potential which was further augmented by its antioxidant activity and thus offered an ideal natural therapeutic option for the effective management of diabetes.     

堇菜属植物的药用历史和品种考证

堇菜属植物药用历史悠久,品种繁多。本研究根据古本草文献中所载堇菜属植物的原文和附图,运用现代植物分类学方法,从药用历史和品种两方面对堇菜属药用植物进行本草考证,明确其历史源流,以期正本清源,为堇菜属药用植物的开发与应用奠定基础。     

蔓茎堇菜基因组DNA 3种提取方法的比较研究

以SDS作为解离剂,采用常规SDS法、改进的SDS法及SDS高盐低pH法分离提取蔓茎堇菜基因组DNA.比较3种方法的提取效果,结果表明：常规SDS法DNA得率高但完整性及纯度较差;改进的SDS法DNA质量好但得率相对较低;只有SDS高盐低pH法是最为理想的提取方法,不同组织提取的DNA相对分子质量均大于48 kb,260 nm/280 nm光密度比值在1.7～1.9之间,产率为479.0～543.9μg/g,所得DNA可直接用于限制性内切酶酶切,并适于进行RAPD分析.     

Factors Influencing Seed: Ovule Ratios and Reproductive Success in Four Cleistogamous Species: A Comparison between Two Flower Types

Abstract: Ovule and seed numbers, and the ratio between the two, were determined in chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers/fruits in four perennial herbs: Viola hirta, V. mirabilis, V. riviniana, and Oxalis acetosella. The results were applied to data from earlier studies on fruit set and progeny performance in these species, to find implications for factors influencing seed: ovule (S: O) ratio, to relate S: O ratio to other fitness components, and to compare final numbers of seedlings per initiated ovule between the two reproductive modes. Mechanisms considered to have a potential impact on S: O ratios were pollen limitation, resource limitation, and "genetic load". In V. mirabilis and O. acetosella, mean S: O ratio was significantly higher in the CL phase than in the CH phase; in V. hirta and V. riviniana, there was no difference. Pollen limitation seemed improbable as a factor important for seed set in all species, and no indication was found of resource limitation. There was a negative correlation between S: O ratio and seed germination rate in O. acetosella, indicating that seed abortion, particularly in CH fruits, may be a way to purge inferior zygotes. The high CH S: O ratios in all species suggest that substantial selfing also occurs in this phase. The final number of seedlings per ovule did not differ significantly between modes in any of the species, partly due to poorer germination in CL seeds. This indicates that, despite the often lower pre-emergent reproductive success (fruit and seed set) in the CH phase, total reproductive success will not differ between the two modes because post-emergent selection is stronger on CL progeny. The strongest limitation on pre-emergent reproductive success in both phases is apparently related to flower/fruit abortion.     

Effects of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Physiology of <i>Viola prionantha</i> under Salt Stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi distribute widely in natural habits and play a variety of ecological functions. In order to test the physiological response to salt stress mediated by different AM fungi, Viola prionantha was selected as the host, the dominant AM fungus in the rhizosphere of V. philippica growing in Songnen saline-alkali grassland, Rhizophagus irregularis, and their mixtures were used as inoculants, and NaCl stress was applied after the roots were colonized. The results showed that V. philippica could be colonized by AM fungi in the field and the colonization rate ranged from 73.33% to 96.67%, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum was identified as the dominant AM fungi species in the rhizosphere of V. philippica by morphology combined with sequencing for AM fungal AML1/AML2 target. Inoculation with both the species resulted in the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (the colonization rate was more than 70%) and AM fungi significantly enhanced plants’ tolerance to salt stress of varying magnitude. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and augmented levels of proline and other osmoregulators were observed in AM plants. The content of MDA in CK was higher than that in the inoculations with the stress of 100, 200, and 250 mM. All indices except soluble protein content and MDA content were significantly correlated with AM fungal colonization indices. The analysis for different AM fungal effects showed that the mixtures and R. irregularis worked even better than C. etunicatum. These results will provide theoretical support for the exploration and screening of salt-tolerant AM fungi species and also for the application of AM-ornamental plants in saline-alkali urban greening.     

Primary and 3-D modelled structures of two cyclotides from Viola odorata

Two polypeptides named vodo M and vodo N, both of 29 amino acids, have been isolated from Viola odorata L. (Violaceae) using ion exchange chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. The sequences were determined by automated Edman degradation, quantitative amino acid analysis, and mass spectrometry (MS). Using MS, it was established that vodo M (cyclo-SWPVCTRNGAPICGESCFTGKCYTVQCSC) and vodo N (cyclo-SWPVCYRNGLPVCGETCTLGKCYTAGCSC) form a head-to-tail cyclic backbone and that six cysteine residues are involved in three disulphide bonds. Their origin, sequences, and cyclic nature suggest that these peptides belong to the family of cyclic plant peptides, called cyclotides. The three-dimensional structures of vodo M and vodo N were modelled by homology, using the experimentally determined structure of the cyclotide kalata B1 as the template. The images of vodo M and vodo N show amphipathic structures with considerable surface hydrophobicity for a protein modelled in a polar environment.     

Genetic structure among and within peripheral and central populations of three endangered floodplain violets

Understanding the partitioning of genetic variance in peripheral and central populations may shed more light on the effects of genetic drift and gene flow on population genetic structure and, thereby, improve attempts to conserve genetic diversity. We analysed genetic structure of peripheral and central populations of three insect-pollinated violets (Viola elatior, Viola pumila, Viola stagnina) to evaluate to what extent these patterns can be explained by gene flow and genetic drift. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used to analyse 930 individuals of 50 populations. Consistent with theoretical predictions, peripheral populations were smaller and more isolated, differentiation was stronger, and genetic diversity and gene flow lower in peripheral populations of V. pumila and V. stagnina. In V. elatior, probably historic fragmentation effects linked to its specific habitat type were superimposed on the plant geographic (peripheral-central) patterns, resulting in lower relative importance of gene flow in central populations. Genetic variation between regions (3-6%), among (30-37%) and within populations (60-64%) was significant. Peripheral populations lacked markers that were rare and localized in central populations. Loss of widespread markers in peripheral V. stagnina populations indicated genetic erosion. Autocorrelation within populations was statistically significant up to a distance of 10-20 m. Higher average genetic similarity in peripheral populations than in central ones indicated higher local gene flow, probably owing to management practices. Peripheral populations contributed significantly to genetic variation and contained unique markers, which made them valuable for the conservation of genetic diversity.     

Relationships among growth, development and plastic response to environment quality in a perennial plant

Phenotypic traits differ between plants in different environments and within individuals as they grow and develop. Comparing plants in different environments at a common age can obscure the developmental basis for differences in phenotype means in different environments. Here, we compared trait means and patterns of trait ontogeny for perennial (Viola septemloba) plants growing in environments that differed in quality either naturally or due to experimental manipulation. Consistent with predictions for adaptive stress resistance, plants grown in lower-quality environments allocated proportionately more biomass to roots and rhizomes, and produced smaller, thicker and longer-lived leaves. The developmental trajectory of almost all traits differed between environments, and these differences contributed to observed differences in trait means. Plants were able to alter their initial developmental trajectory in response to an increase in resources after 8 wk of growth. This result contrasts with previous findings, and may reflect a difference in the way that annual and perennial species respond to stress. Our results demonstrate the complexity of interactions between the environment and the development of the phenotype that underlie putatively adaptive plastic responses to environment quality.