性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响

2011年11月至2012年3月,在江西婺源采用瞬时扫描法探讨性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭行为的影响.中华秋沙鸭越冬期的主要行为是取食、休息、游泳和修整.时间分配方面,雌雄中华秋沙鸭仅社会行为[雌:(2.13±1.40)％和雄:(3.24±1.55)％]存在显著性差异(t＝-2.258,df＝34,P＜0.05),其他行为差异不显著(P＞0.05).原因有:(1)非繁殖期雌雄中华秋沙鸭主要任务均为生存;(2)雌雄个体大小差异不大,对能量的需求量相似.日活动节律方面,雌雄的取食和休息行为均存在显著的节律性变化,分别为雌:取食(F(10,165)＝5.19,P＜0.05)、休息(F(10,165)＝ 2.56,P＜0.05)和雄:取食(F(10,165)＝ 7.55,P＜0.05)、休息(F(10,165)＝ 3.48,P＜0.05),其他行为节律均不显著(P＞0.05).温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响较大,时间分配方面,在＜10℃月份环境下,取食(t＝-2.166,df＝ 16,P＜0.05)行为显著高于＞10℃月份,而游泳(t＝5.096,df＝ 16,P＜0.05)行为则相反,其他行为差异不显著(P＞0.05).这一结果表明,平均温度降低时,中华秋沙鸭需要摄取更多的食物以补充寒冷天气能量的消耗,并减少游泳行为降低耗能.日活动节律方面,＞10℃月份中华秋沙鸭日活动节律,仅警戒(F(10,77)＝1.96,P＜0.05)行为存在显著的节律性变化,其他行为的节律性变化不显著(P＞0.05).＜10℃月份中华秋沙鸭取食(F(10,86)＝ 5.93,P＜0.05)和休息( F(10,86)＝ 3.42,P＜0.05)行为存在显著的节律性变化,其他行为的节律性变化不显著(P＞0.05).研究结果表明,温度可以改变中华秋沙鸭的日活动节律,低温使中华秋沙鸭在夜间消耗较多能量,因此中华秋沙鸭在上午花更多的时间取食来补充能量.休息行为在＞10℃月份,中午和傍晚均有一个小的高峰,而在＜10℃月份从11:00开始(除13:00-13:59)均保持较高的水平.中华秋沙鸭采取这种对策,可能是＜10℃月份,晚上和下午温度较低,为了减少消耗,从下午就开始增加休息行为.低温条件下,中华秋沙鸭增加修整和休息行为,这一结果支持“鸟类在低温环境下通过减少行为活动以降低能量消耗和热量损失”这一观点.     

噬菌体展示系统表达玉米赤霉烯酮模拟表位肽

拟用pⅧ噬菌体展示系统表达玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)模拟表位肽,并验证其反应原性。通过将含有ZEN模拟表位序列以及肠激酶酶切位点的寡聚核苷酸与经过EcoR I和BamH I双酶切的pC89S4噬菌粒连接,构建表达载体pC89-CZEN。pC89-CZEN转化感受态XL1-Blue得到工程菌pC89-ek-zen,然后用KM13超感染、IPTG诱导表达,纯化后得到展示有玉米赤霉烯酮模拟表位的噬菌体颗粒。对KM13超感染时菌体浓度OD600、IPTG诱导时菌体浓度OD600、IPTG加入量以及诱导表达温度和时间进行优化,以探索最佳表达条件;通过ELISA测定反应原性,对比肠激酶酶切前后模拟表位肽与ZEN抗体的结合效果。结果显示,成功构建了表达载体pC89-CZEN,最优表达条件为KM13超感染时菌体浓度OD600为0.4、IPTG诱导时菌体浓度OD600为0.6以及IPTG加入量为终浓度1.0 mmol/L、诱导表达温度为24℃、时间8 h,酶切后结合效果明显高于酶切前。     

Physical mapping of repetitive sequences and genome analysis in six Elymus species by in situ hybridization

Genome constitution and genetic relationships between six Elymus species were assessed by physical mapping of different repetitive sequences using a technique of sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization.The six Elymus species are all naturally growing species in northwest China,namely,E.sibiricus,E.nutans,E.barystachyus,E.xiningensis,E.excelsus,and E.dahuricus.An StStHH genome constitution was revealed for E.sibiricus and StStHHYY for the remainder species.Each chromosome could be clearly characterized by physical mapping with 18S-26S rDNA,5S rDNA,Afa-family,and AAG repeats,and be allocated to a certain genome by genomic in situ hybridization.Two 5S rDNA sites,each in the H and St genomes,and three 18S-26S rDNA sites,two in the St genome and one in the Y genome,were uncovered in most of the species.The strong Afa-family hybridization signals discriminated the H genome from the St and Y genomes.The H and Y genome carried more AAG repeats than St.A common non-Robertsonian reciprocal translocation between the H and Y genomes was revealed in E.barystachyus,E.xiningensis,E.excelsus and E.dahuricus.Comparison of molecular karyotypes strongly suggests that they can be classified into three groups,namely,E.sibiricus,E.nutans,and others.     

井冈山自然保护区12种常见灌木生物量的估测模型

灌木生物量模型是估测灌木生物量的重要方法之一。以井冈山自然保护区林下12种常见灌木为研究对象,根据树高（H）和地径（D）两个形态因子作为变量,进行回归分析构建模型。通过对比判别系数R 2的大小,筛选最佳生物量估测模型。方程W=a＋b X12 X2、W=a＋b X＋c X 2和W=a X b在模拟生物量时相关指数均较高,为0.904-0.991,达到极显著水平,可用于实际生物量估测,而方程W=a＋b X、W=a＋b X1＋c X2和W=a＋b ln X在模拟灌木生物量时结果较差。利用此类方法建立的生物量模型,精度高,简便易行,对以后估算井冈山自然保护区灌木生物量和碳储量具有十分重要的意义。     

中国红豆属植物生物与生态学特征研究现状

红豆属(Ormosia)隶属豆科(Fabaceae),全属约130种,均为木本植物,我国有37种,广东、广西、云南、海南为主要分布区。该属野外自然更新能力较差,对生存环境要求严格。由于该属大部分物种具有极高的经济价值和开发利用价值,因此人为干扰及盗伐现象严重,分布范围收缩且野外种群数量减少。本文在查阅文献的基础上,对红豆属植物的生态学特征、组织培养、生理生化、遗传、濒危现状与保护对策等方面的研究成果进行归纳总结并进行了展望,以期为深入研究红豆属植物、拯救红豆属物种提供参考。     

尕海湖湿地泥炭细菌多样性分析

【目的】探讨甘南尕海自然保护区湿地泥炭细菌的多样性和群落结构,通过3个不同地点的随机取样,对尕海自然保护区尕海湖的泥炭资源进行细菌多样性分析。【方法】运用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序平台,对尕海湖湿地泥炭的细菌群落进行宏观基因组测序分析,检测了泥炭3个样本的细菌群落的差异性。【结果】通过对Silva数据库的比对,总共获得了108 096条优化序列代表。尕海自然保护区湿地泥炭样本的优势细菌群主要为Anawerodineaceae-uncultured(厌氧绳菌目-不可培养)、Micromonospora(小单孢菌属)、Brevundimong(短波单孢菌属)和Nocardioides(诺卡氏菌属),3个样品细菌群落组成差异较大。【结论】首次阐明了尕海湖水陆过渡区泥炭地细菌群落的多样性,为下一步开发和利用泥炭的功能菌群、研究泥炭微生物群落生态网络结构如何响应环境变化提供了基础资料。     

Identification of Vibrio cholerae serotypes in high-risk marine products with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis

Vibrio cholerae, a natural inhabitant of the marine environment, poses a threat to human health, and its new epidemic variants have been reported. A method of multiplex polymerase chain reaction–capillary electrophoresis–laser-induced fluorescence (PCR–CE–LIF) detection has been developed to detect and identify V. cholerae in marine products sensitively, rapidly, and reliably. Four sets of primers were selected to amplify genus-specific VCC gene, O139 serogroup-specific O139 gene, O1 serogroup-specific O1 gene, and ctxA gene associated with the CT toxin of enterotoxigenic V. cholerae. The PCR products were detected using CE–LIF with SYBR Gold serving as the DNA fluorescent dye. The parameters of PCR and the separation conditions of CE–LIF were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, V. cholerae was detected and four serotypes were identified simultaneously within 8 min. The alignment analysis showed that the PCR products had good agreement with the published sequences from GenBank, indicating that the primers selected in this study had high specificity and the PCR results were reliable. The proposed method could detect 5 to 20 cfu/ml V. cholerae. The intraday precisions of migration time and peak area of DNA marker and PCR products were in the ranges of 1.60–2.56% and 1.60–6.29%, respectively. The specificity results showed that only five standard bacteria used in this study showed the specific peaks when the target bacteria were mixed with seven other common intestinal pathogenic bacteria at the same concentration. The assay was applied to 71 high-risk marine products, and different serotypes of V. cholerae could be identified sensitively and reliably.     

The tempo-spatial variations of phytoplankton diversities and their correlation with trophic state levels in a large eutrophic Chinese lake

Lake Chaohu is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. Research on this lake's seasonal and spatial variations in phytoplankton diversity is needed to understand the distribution of eutrophication, as well as to find appropriate comprehensive biodiversity indices to assess the eutrophication status of the lake. The present study indicated that the Margalef index of all samples was as low as 0.799 ± 0.543 in summer (August 2011) and as high as 1.467 ± 0.653 in winter (February 2012). The Margalef index of the river samples had a high mean value and substantial variation compared with the lake samples. The Peilou index of the lake samples was higher than that of the river samples in summer and autumn (November 2011) but lower than that of the river samples in winter. In spring (May 2012), the Peilou index of the western samples was lower than that of the eastern samples. The spatial distribution of the Shannon–Wiener index was more similar to that of the Peilou index in autumn and winter, while in spring and summer, the spatial distribution was affected by both species richness and evenness. High eutrophication levels occurred in the western lake in spring and summer, whereas high levels occurred in the eastern lake, especially in the middle of the lake, in autumn and winter. The total trophic state index (TSI) in all samples exhibited a significant negative correlation with the Margalef (r = −0.726) and Peilou (r = −0.530) indices but a significant positive correlation with the Shannon–Wiener (r = 0.654) index. The partial correlation analysis results implied that these phytoplankton biodiversity indices could serve as synthetic ecological indicators to assess the eutrophication condition of Lake Chaohu.     

亚热带杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林生长与土壤养分对氮沉降的响应

为探讨亚热带森林对氮沉降增加的响应,项目在杉木人工林中开展了野外模拟N沉降试验,分N0(对照)、N1、N2、N3等4种处理,N沉降量分别为0、60、120、240(kgNhm-2a-1)。通过3a的研究发现,中高氮处理(N2、N3)明显促进了杉木胸径的生长,而低氮处理(N1)则没有产生明显影响。氮沉降对树高生长也有明显的促进作用,但随着氮沉降水平的增加其影响有减弱趋势。通过各水平N处理后,杉木年平均蓄积增长量分别为28.82、28.96、32.63m3hm-2和33.68m3hm-2,表明N沉降在一定程度上增加了林分蓄积量的积累,但处理之间的差异没有达到统计上的显著性水平。随着氮沉降水平的增加,NH4 -N和NO3--N含量明显上升,而土壤pH值、有机质、速效P、速效K和交换性Ca、Mg含量则呈下降趋势。杉木针叶养分状况对氮沉降的响应也比较敏感,N1、N2、N3处理使针叶平均N含量分别增加18.25%、11.68%和13.14%,但对P、K、Ca、Mg含量表现出一定的抑制作用。