全文获取类型
收费全文 | 73204篇 |
免费 | 1793篇 |
国内免费 | 10260篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 356篇 |
2021年 | 550篇 |
2020年 | 549篇 |
2019年 | 1189篇 |
2018年 | 1532篇 |
2017年 | 868篇 |
2016年 | 969篇 |
2015年 | 1194篇 |
2014年 | 1918篇 |
2013年 | 2923篇 |
2012年 | 2037篇 |
2011年 | 1681篇 |
2010年 | 1335篇 |
2009年 | 1941篇 |
2008年 | 2215篇 |
2007年 | 2951篇 |
2006年 | 3091篇 |
2005年 | 3165篇 |
2004年 | 3322篇 |
2003年 | 3002篇 |
2002年 | 2911篇 |
2001年 | 2545篇 |
2000年 | 1891篇 |
1999年 | 2178篇 |
1998年 | 1913篇 |
1997年 | 1460篇 |
1996年 | 1397篇 |
1995年 | 1498篇 |
1994年 | 1573篇 |
1993年 | 1399篇 |
1992年 | 1218篇 |
1991年 | 1192篇 |
1990年 | 981篇 |
1989年 | 829篇 |
1988年 | 862篇 |
1987年 | 674篇 |
1986年 | 592篇 |
1985年 | 2087篇 |
1984年 | 3105篇 |
1983年 | 2050篇 |
1982年 | 2451篇 |
1981年 | 2069篇 |
1980年 | 1932篇 |
1979年 | 1716篇 |
1978年 | 1561篇 |
1977年 | 1434篇 |
1976年 | 1314篇 |
1975年 | 1116篇 |
1974年 | 1091篇 |
1973年 | 1024篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
62.
Andreas K. Nussler Gianna Vergani Susanne M. Gollin Kenneth Dorko Susanne Gansauge Sidney M. Morris Jr. Antony J. Demetris Minoru Nomoto Hans G. Beger Stephen C. Strom 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》1999,35(4):190-197
Summary The isolation and characterization of human liver cell lines are rather difficult due to limited material and poor growth
in cell culture. In this report, we present the isolation, culture and characterization of a new epithelial-like liver cell
line (AKN-1) with a heterogeneous cell population and many characteristics of the biliary epithelium. The AKN-1 cell line
stained positively with antibodies to epithelial cytokeratin polypetides CK 8, 18, and 19. In addition, the cell line expressed
the anti-human epithelial-related antigen (MOC-31), the human epithelial antigen (HEA), and the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,
the hematopoietic growth factor, stem cell factor, and also its receptor, c-kit. The cell line failed to express albumin and factor 8 by immunohistochemistry. It did show, however, a twofold increase in
7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Cytogenetic characterization revealed rare breakpoints in chromosome 2, which to our knowledge, have
not yet been reported in liver cells. 相似文献
63.
Juan Viruel Pilar Catalán José Gabriel Segarra‐Moragues 《Journal of Biogeography》2012,39(6):1073-1085
Aim The Chilean endemic Dioscorea biloba (Dioscoreaceae) is a dioecious geophyte that shows a remarkable 600 km north–south disjunction in the peripheral arid area of the Atacama Desert. Its restricted present‐day distribution and probable Neogene origin indicate that its populations have a history linked to that of the Atacama Desert, making this an ideal model species with which to investigate the biogeography of the region. Location Chile, Atacama Desert and peripheral arid area. Methods Two hundred and seventy‐five individuals from nine populations were genotyped for seven nuclear microsatellite loci, and plastid trnL–F and trnT–L sequences were obtained for a representative subset of these. Analyses included the estimation of genetic diversity and population structure through clustering, Bayesian and analysis of molecular variance analyses, and statistical parsimony networks of chloroplast haplotypes. Isolation by distance was tested against alternative dispersal hypotheses. Results Microsatellite markers revealed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within populations, with those from the southern Limarí Valley showing the highest values and northern populations showing less exclusive alleles. Bayesian analysis of microsatellite data identified three genetic groups that corresponded to geographical ranges. Chloroplast phylogeography revealed no haplotypes shared between northern and southern ranges, and little haplotype sharing between the two neighbouring southern valleys. Dispersal models suggested the presence of extinct hypothetical populations between the southern and northern ranges. Main conclusions Our results are consistent with prolonged isolation of the northern and southern groups, mediated by the life‐history traits of the species. Significant isolation was revealed at both large and moderate distances as gene flow was not evident even between neighbouring valleys. Bayesian analyses of microsatellite and chloroplast haplotype diversity identified the southern area of Limarí as the probable area of origin of the species. Our data do not support recent dispersal of D. biloba from the southern range into Antofagasta, but indicate the fragmentation of an earlier wider range, concomitant with the Pliocene–Pleistocene climatic oscillations, with subsequent extinctions of the Atacama Desert populations and the divergence of the peripheral ones as a consequence of genetic drift. 相似文献
64.
追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响? 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out. 相似文献
65.
Floral organogenesis of Chloranthus sessilifolius K. F. Wu is described. The inflorescence primordium is dome-like in the beginning and then elongates, and bract primordia
initiate almost decussately. Each floral primordium, arising from the axil of a bract, soon becomes a scale-like structure,
with three primordia of androecial lobes originating from its abaxial part, and the gynoecial primordium in adaxial position.
As the androecial lobes become more distinct, four thecae are already in differentiation, and the gynoecial primordium appears
as a shallow disc. The androecial lobes do not extend their length until the thecae approach maturity and the stigma is differentiated.
The androecial lobes are united at all the stages of development, and the entire androecium falls off as a unit at the end
of anthesis. Based on these results, combined with published evidence from neobotany, palaeobotany and phylogenetic studies,
the morphological nature of the androecium of Chloranthus is further discussed. Our studies support the viewpoint that the androecial structure of Chloranthus may have arisen by splitting of a single stamen with 2 marginal thecae.
Received May 2, 2001 Accepted December 18, 2001 相似文献
66.
S. Shi Y. Huang Y. Zhong Y. Du Q. Zhang H. Chang D. E. Boufford 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2001,230(1-2):13-24
Phylogenetic relationships of the three genera of the family Altingiaceae, i.e., Altingia, Liquidambar and Semiliquidambar, based on matK sequences and the intergenic spacer between the psaA and ycf3 genes (PY-IGS) of cpDNA, and on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nrDNA were studied. Phylogenetic trees based on
the three data sets (matK, PY-IGS and ITS) were generated using Hamamelis japonica and Mytilaria laosensis (Hamamelidaceae), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae), and Daphniphyllum calycinum (Daphniphyllaceae) as outgroups. The partition-homogeneity tests indicated that the three data sets and the combined data
are homogeneous. A combined analysis also generated a strongly supported phylogeny. The phylogenetic trees show that the North
American and western Asian species, L. styraciflua and L. orientalis, respectively, form a monophyletic group which is sister to the clade including all Asian species in the family. The genus
Liquidambar is paraphyletic with Altingia and Semiliquidambar nested within. Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data indicate that taxonomic reexamination of the generic delimitation
in the Altingiaceae is needed.
Received December 20, 2000 Accepted June 25, 2001 相似文献
67.
G. J. Venter J. T. Paweska A. A. Van Dijk P. S. Mellor W. J. Table Ick 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1998,12(4):378-385
Abstract .The susceptibility of field-collected Culicoides bolitinos to infection by oral ingestion of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4 (BLU 1, 3 and 4) was compared with that of field-collected C. imicola and laboratory reared C. variipennis sonorensis . The concentration of the virus per millilitre of bloodmeal was 105.0 and 106.0 TCID50 for BLU 4 and 107.2 TCID50 for BLU 1 and 3. Of 4927 C. bolitinos and 9585 C. imicola fed, 386 and 287 individual midges survived 10 days extrinsic incubation, respectively. Midges were assayed for the presence of virus using a microtitration assay on BHK-21 cells and/or an antigen capture ELISA. Infection prevalences for the different serotypes as determined by virus isolation ranged from 22.7 to 82.0% in C. bolitinos and from 1.9 to 9.8% in C. imicola; infection prevalences were highest for BLU 1, and lowest for BLU 4 in both species. The mean log10 TCID50 titre of the three BLU viruses per single fly was higher in C. bolitinos than in C. imicola . The results suggested that C. bolitinos populations are capable vectors of the BLU viruses in South Africa. A high correlation was found between virus isolation and ELISA results for the detection of BLU 1, and less for BLU 4; the ELISA failed to detect the presence of BLU 3 in infected flies. The C. v. sonorensis colonies had a significantly lower susceptibility to infection with BLU 1, 3 and 4 than C. bolitinos and C. imicola . However, since infection prevalence of C. v. sonorensis was determined only by ELISA, this finding may merely reflect the insensitivity of this assay at low virus titres, compared to virus isolation. 相似文献
68.
We examined the effects of a sulfonylurea herbicide, chlorsulfuron, which is known as a potent inhibitor of plant cell division,
on morphogenetic cell division and disorganized cell division using the culture system of multiple shoot primordia and callus
of Passiflora edulis. The multiple shoot primordia tissue treated with chlorsulfuron failed to achieve shoot morphogenesis, and a large part of
the tissue was necrotized during the posttreatment culture, even when it was washed and transferred to chlorsulfuron-free
medium. The inhibition of Passiflora shoot morphogenesis by chlorsulfuron was not reversed by the simultaneous addition of branched amino acids, which are known
to reverse the inhibitory effect of chlorsulfuron. In contrast, the same treatment of chlorsulfuron on the callus did not
kill the cells, although the growth resumption was retarded by a prolonged lag period. The addition of branched amino acids
enhanced the recovery growth of the chlorsulfuron-treated callus. These results suggest that the inhibition of disorganized
cell division (callus growth) by chlorsulfuron is reversible, whereas morphogenetic cell division (shoot morphogenesis), which
is under complex regulation, is inhibited irreversibly by chlorsulfuron. Qualitative differences between morphogenetic cell
division and disordered simple proliferative cell division are discussed.
Received November 17, 1997; accepted June 4, 1998 相似文献
69.
70.
Min-Kyoo Shin Edwin Vázquez-Rosa Yeojung Koh Matasha Dhar Kalyani Chaubey Coral J. Cintrón-Pérez Sarah Barker Emiko Miller Kathryn Franke Maria F. Noterman Divya Seth Rachael S. Allen Cara T. Motz Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao Lara A. Skelton Machelle T. Pardue Steven J. Fliesler Chao Wang Andrew A. Pieper 《Cell》2021,184(10):2715-2732.e23