鼎湖山地表无脊椎动物多样性及其与凋落物的关系

为了解鼎湖山国家级自然保护区3种代表林型地表无脊椎动物的多样性及其与凋落物的关系,利用巴氏罐诱法共采集无脊椎动物3门7纲31目58科（总科）7310头,3种林型中蚂蚁占绝对优势,蜘蛛,甲螨,长角跳虫,毛蕈甲,蟋蟀和果蝇为常见类群,其中季风常绿单身汉叶林地表无脊椎动物的多样性和均匀性指数最高;针阔叶混交林与之接近;马尾松林最低,但其优势度指数最高。3种林型地表无脊椎动物群落之间均中等不相似,年凋落物量与地表无脊椎动物的多样性,均匀性呈现显著正相关,与优势度呈显著负相关;调落物的周转期与地表无脊椎动物的多样性与均匀性呈显著负相关,与优势度呈显著正相关。     

人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林种群动态的影响

通过处理（根据当地居民习惯收割凋落物和林下）和保护（停止人为干扰,无任何人类活动）样地的比较在五年内（9190－1995年）研究了人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林植物种群动态的影响。结果表明,保护样地的林下层和灌木层盖度逐年上升,而处理样地相对较稳定。保护样地的草本层盖度略上升至1992年后,呈显著下降的变化,处理样地的变化则与保护样地的相反。保护样地的林下层植物种数逐年下降（从1990年的41种降至1995年的30种,减少11种）,处理样地变化不大（从1990年的36种降至1995年的34种,仅减少2种）。小径级（≤13cm)的马尾松胸径增长速率保护样地高于处理样地,且径级越小,增长速率越大,然而,径级大于13cm的植株,则没有显示出这种规律性的变化。以上现象表明,适度的人为干扰对稀疏马尾松林的自然更新及林下植物种类多样笥具有一定的维持或促进作用,但不利于马尾松的生长。同时对稀疏马尾松－灌木－草本群落在停止人为干扰后的演替途径作了预测和探讨。     

鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物及其对人类干扰的响应研究

通过处理（根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层）和保护（无任何人类活动）样地的比较,在3年时间里研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松（Pinus massoniana)林凋落物,养分动态及其对人类干扰的响应,处理和保护样地年平均凋落物总量分别为：2．388和2．342t/hm^-2.a^-1,它们主要由针叶组成（45．4％－78．8％）,皮＋枝占12．4％－14．4％,杂物8．6％－40．2％,凋落物量具有明显的年,季和月变化规律。尽管为人工起源的马尾松林,但其凋落物的空间分布很不均匀（变异系数＞22％）,凋落物中主要营养元素浓度因组分和季节不同而异,但总的趋势以杂物和春季的浓度最高。凋落物主要营养元素的归还量亦随季节和组分不同而异,其年平均归还总量为：处理样地N15.85kg.hm^-2.a^-1.P0.63kg.hm^-2.a^-1,K2.86kg.hm^-2.a^-1,Ca6.04kg.hm^-2.a^-1和Mg1.77kg.hm^-2.a^-1;保护样地N16．24kg.hm^-2.a^-1,P0.67kg.hm^-2.a^-1,k2.61kg.hm^-2.a^-1,Ca5.41kg.hm^-2.a^-1和Mg2.09kg.hm^-2.a^-1,当停止人为干扰后,凋落物产量及其养分归还量相对于继续受干扰的松林趋向逐年增加。     

鼎湖山马尾松针阔叶混交林土壤有效氮动态的初步研究

用离子交换树脂袋法测定了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松针阔叶混交林土壤有效氮变化情况。鼎湖山马尾松针阔叶混交林土壤各季节平均总有效氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)在18.87～93.20μg/d*g干树脂之间,且具有明显的季节性变化特点。然而,这些季节性变化根据土层和有效氮组分的不同而异。总有效氮主要由铵态氮组成(>90%)。总有效氮和铵态氮在土层0～10cm和10～20cm之间各个季节均无显著的差异,但硝态氮在春、夏两季差异较大,尤其在夏季两土层之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。在本研究样地中,硝化速率受铵态氮供应的影响不甚明显。与同一地区的马尾松纯林和阔叶混交林比较,硝态氮为针叶纯林<针阔叶混交林<阔叶混交林;铵态氮则为针阔叶混交林〉针叶纯林＞阔叶混交林。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林黄果厚壳桂群落植物元素含量特征

研究鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林黄果厚壳桂群落元素含量特征 ,分析了其中 9个种不同器官的 6种元素含量 ,结果表明 :1 )群落中植物不同器官的元素含量大小为 ,N:叶 >皮 >根 >枝 >茎 ,P:叶 >枝、皮 >根 >茎 ,K:叶 >皮 >枝 >根 >茎 ,Ca:皮 >叶 >枝 >根 >,Mg:叶 >皮 >根 >枝 >茎。 2 )椎栗、黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟和双盖蕨是群落中含 N量较高的种 ;椎栗、云南银柴和双盖蕨含 P量较高 ;各个种的含 K量相似。 3)养分含量表现出一定的层次性差异 ,上层种叶子含 P量高于下层种 ,但含 K量区别不显著。上层种茎 N、P、K含量显著低于下层种。黄果厚壳桂种群 ,其不同层次个体养分含量没有统计上的显著差异 ,但下层个体茎养分高 ,上层个体茎养分低。 4)群落不同元素间具有许多显著相关的元素对 ,其中 N与其它元素的相关性最大 ,其次是 Mg、P,再次是 K,而 Na不与其它任何元素相关 ,Ca相关性很少。从器官角度看 ,茎所含相关元素对最多 ,而枝、皮最少。     

鼎湖山黄果厚壳桂群落物种养分相似性研究

应用主分量分析与聚类分析技术, 测定鼎湖山黄果厚壳桂群落不同种群的养分相似性, 并探讨了植物不同器官作为相似性测度的合理性。并认为, 茎叶较适于作为相似性测试的取样部位。测定结果表明, 主分量分析与聚类分析对茎叶样本的测定结果具有一致性, 在主分量分析中, 茎第一排序轴主要反映Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ 元素, 叶第一排序轴主要反映Ｋ和Ｍｇ 元素。上层乔木叶子具有较大的相似性, 下层种双盖蕨、柏拉木与薄叶梧桐的叶子具有独特的养分特征, 黄果厚壳桂不同层次的个体具有相似的特征, 即种内的不同层次个体的差别不大。双盖蕨与柏拉木的茎样与其它种最不相似, 它与叶子的测定结果相一致。黄果厚壳桂不同层次个体的茎互不相似, 反映出不同木质化程度产生的营养含量上的差异。聚类分析显示, 处于上层的荷木、椎栗与华润楠的茎最为相似, 它们与一、二层的黄果厚壳桂及鼎湖钓樟则在较高水平上聚合, 亦即相似性稍小, 但与其它种（ 或个体） 相比, 这５ 个种是较为相似的。     

鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松林凋落物的分解及其营养动态研究

 本文报道了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松林凋落物分解及其营养动态的情况。松针和混合凋落物的失重率在试验过程中均呈直线下降。松针和混合凋落物的分解系数(K)分别为0.44a-1和0.37a-1。在凋落物分解过程中氮是5个元素中唯—的1个元素,它表现出浓度和绝对量均首先呈上升然后下降的变化。磷和钙的浓度和绝对量在凋落物分解过程中,表现相类似的变化模型。它们的释放速率较其它元素更类似于凋落物的失重率。钾是5个元素中最活跃的元素。其浓度和绝对量的变化在凋落物分解过程中相类似：在分解初期(30到50天)迅速下降后呈缓慢的变化。镁的浓度和绝对量在分解初期以相对快的速率下降后,呈现两种绝然不同的变化：绝对量渐渐下降而浓度则慢慢上升。5个元素的流动性比较,在两种凋落物的分解过程中,均早K>Mg>P>Ca>N的顺序变化。     

Soil-atmospheric exchange of CO2, CH4, and N2O in three subtropical forest ecosystems in southern China

The magnitude, temporal, and spatial patterns of soil‐atmospheric greenhouse gas (hereafter referred to as GHG) exchanges in forests near the Tropic of Cancer are still highly uncertain. To contribute towards an improvement of actual estimates, soil‐atmospheric CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes were measured in three successional subtropical forests at the Dinghushan Nature Reserve (hereafter referred to as DNR) in southern China. Soils in DNR forests behaved as N₂O sources and CH₄ sinks. Annual mean CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ fluxes (mean±SD) were 7.7±4.6 Mg CO₂‐C ha^?1 yr^?1, 3.2±1.2 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 yr^?1, and 3.4±0.9 kg CH₄‐C ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively. The climate was warm and wet from April through September 2003 (the hot‐humid season) and became cool and dry from October 2003 through March 2004 (the cool‐dry season). The seasonality of soil CO₂ emission coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high CO₂ emission rates in the hot‐humid season and low rates in the cool‐dry season. In contrast, seasonal patterns of CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were not clear, although higher CH₄ uptake rates were often observed in the cool‐dry season and higher N₂O emission rates were often observed in the hot‐humid season. GHG fluxes measured at these three sites showed a clear increasing trend with the progressive succession. If this trend is representative at the regional scale, CO₂ and N₂O emissions and CH₄ uptake in southern China may increase in the future in light of the projected change in forest age structure. Removal of surface litter reduced soil CO₂ effluxes by 17–44% in the three forests but had no significant effect on CH₄ absorption and N₂O emission rates. This suggests that microbial CH₄ uptake and N₂O production was mainly related to the mineral soil rather than in the surface litter layer.     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林细根分解干物质损失和元素动态

鼎湖山南亚热带森林细根分解干物质损失和元素动态温达志（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）魏平张佑昌（中国科学院华南植物研究所鼎湖山树木园,肇庆５２６０７０）孔国辉（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＤｒｙＭａｓＬｏｓａｎｄＣｈｅｍ...     

13C and 15N isotopic signatures of plant-soil continuum along a successional gradient in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve

Aims The optimal patterns of plant community for water use and nutrient utilization, the responses of soil carbon and nitrogen turnover processes to forest succession, and the mechanisms of soil organic carbon accumulation, are three critical issues in forest ecosystem study. It is difficult to accurately detect these ecological processes with conventional methodologies in the short term, yet the application of ¹³C and ¹⁵N natural abundance technique may yield important information about these processes.Methods This study was conducted in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. We investigated the natural isotopic abundance of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N of plant-soil continuum along a successional gradient from Pinus massoniana forest (PF) to coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF), and monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (BF). We also analyzed the correlations of foliar stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) and stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ¹⁵N) with foliar elemental contents and the variations of soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N along soil profiles at different successional stages.Important findings A significant positive correlation between foliar δ¹³C and foliar C:N was observed. In both litter and soil, the δ¹³C values tended to decrease along the forest succession, with the order as PF > MF > BF. Foliar δ¹⁵N was positively correlated with foliar N content. The δ¹⁵N values of litter and upper soil (0-10 cm) increased with successional status. Both soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values increased with increasing soil depth at all three forests. Our results imply that 1) trade-off between water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency did not necessarily exist in subtropical forests of China; 2) the application of isotopic technique could assist understanding of the mechanisms of soil carbon accumulation in subtropical forests, especially in old-grow forests; 3) the ¹⁵N natural abundance of plant-soil continuum could be a potential indicator of soil nitrogen availability and ecosystem nitrogen saturation status.