桃'秦光2号'×'曙光'F1代SSR遗传连锁图谱的构建

以桃品种‘秦光2号’和‘曙光’及其90株F1代群体为试验材料,依据SSR标记构建桃的遗传连锁图谱。构建的图谱覆盖桃基因组640cM,包含16个连锁群、73个标记,标记间平均图距为11.7cM;桃的白/黄肉性状(Y/y)、离/粘核性状(F/f)被分别定位在第8连锁群和第9连锁群上,距其相邻的分子标记距离分别为4和5cM。所构建的遗传连锁图谱可用于进一步研究。     

桃园节肢动物群落相对丰盛度的季节动态研究

以合肥市杏花林果科技示范园为例,研究了桃园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量,对植食类、捕食类、寄生类和其它类4种功能类群的相对丰盛度作了详尽的阐述。捕食类同植食类的相对丰盛度变化趋势一致,说明捕食类节肢动物是桃树生长期植食类害虫的重要天敌。     

观赏桃ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

采用改良CTAB法从观赏桃满天红叶片中提取基因组DNA,通过单因素实验探讨了模板DNA、Mg~(2+)、dNTPs和Taq DNA酶等条件对观赏桃ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响,建立了ISSR-PCR扩增的最佳体系:2.5μl反应体系中包含10×Buffer 2.5μl,模板DNA 40ng,Mg~(2+)浓度2.5mmol/L,引物浓度04 μmol/L,dNTPs浓度0.4mmol/L,Taq DNA酶0.5U.利用所建立的体系对红叶桃、菊花桃和春艳等13份材料进行检验,其结果表明优化后的体系适合观赏桃的ISSR-PCR反应.     

三只羊岩溶峰丛洼地桃树优质高产栽培技术研究

在广西三只羊岩溶峰丛洼地进行幼龄期桃树作物套种、施肥以及疏果等栽培技术的对比试验。结果表明,套种黄豆能明显促进桃树基茎和主枝直径的增长,套种玉米则抑制桃树基茎和主枝直径的增长;混施猪粪水和磷肥的桃树其果实品质明显优于混施羊粪和磷肥以及牛粪和磷肥的桃树的果实;同时,中等疏果强度,即保留枝条上桃果间距14~18cm,可获最大种植效益,桃果重量增加50.3%,桃树的产值提高52.9%。     

碧桃朝鲜球坚蚧的出蛰若虫空间格局及应用

采用多种聚集度指标、Iwao法和Taylor幂函数法分析朝鲜球坚蚧出蛰若虫在碧桃上的空间格局。结果表明,出蛰若虫在碧桃上呈聚集分布,分布以个体群形式存在。碧桃不同段位上的聚集度指标和Iwao法均表明其为聚集分布,而Taylor幂函数法测定为上、中段均匀分布,下段聚集分布,综合分析其成因是各样地受害程度及垂直方向虫口密度差异显著所致。聚集均数λ值的测定结果表明,该虫的聚集原因主要由出蛰若虫自身的生物学习性和环境因素所引起。此外,利用空间格局参数确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。     

桃ERF转录因子家族生物信息学分析及 芽萌发相关基因筛选

以中油四号油桃(Prunus persica var. nectarina)为研究对象, 利用MEGA 6.0、MEME、GSDS和DNAMAN 6.0等软件对桃ERF家族数据进行生物信息学分析, 鉴定得到102个ERF转录因子家族基因, 并通过构建系统进化树将这102个基因分为10个子家族(I-X)。基因结构分析表明, 有81个基因不含内含子, 20个基因含有1个内含子, 有1个基因与其它成员差异较大, 含有5个内含子。保守元件分析表明, ERF家族包含20个保守元件, 其中Motif 1、Motif 2和Motif 4都属于AP2/ERF结构域, 同一个保守元件主要出现在同一个子家族中, 并且大部分保守元件的功能未知。VIII子家族基因的荧光定量PCR分析表明, 在桃叶芽处于不同的发育状态时, PpeERF068的表达量存在较大差异, 光照培养箱中培养的桃芽在萌发过程中各时期表达量变化趋势进一步表明该基因可能与叶芽萌发有关, 将其命名为PpeEBB1。该研究为进一步揭示PpeEBB1的分子机制奠定了基础, 并为桃树的栽培管理和熟期调控了提供理论指导。     

Aphid orientation and performance in glasshouses under different UV‐A/UV‐B radiation regimes

Visual cues leading to host selection and landing are of major importance for aphids and evidence suggests that flight activity is very dependent on ultraviolet (UV)‐A radiation in the environment. At the same time research on insect plant hosts suggest that the UV‐B component can deter some pests via changes in secondary metabolite chemistry. Here, we examine the potential of UV (UV‐A/UV‐B) radiation to control insect pests in the glasshouse environment. We first examined artificial exposure to UV‐B and the potential to trigger morphological and biochemical modifications in pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) with implications for the fitness of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). UV‐B caused accumulation of leaf secondary metabolites and soluble carbohydrates, and stimulated photosynthetic pigments. However, UV‐B did not impact on foliar protein content and aphid performance was unaffected. Next, we studied how altering the UV‐A/UV‐B ratio environment affected aphid orientation and spatial distribution over time, either directly or by exposing plants to supplemental UV before insect introduction. Aphids directly settled and dispersed on their host pepper plants more readily in the presence of supplemental UV‐A and UV‐B. In the control treatment with ambient glasshouse UV‐A and UV‐B, insects remained more aggregated. Furthermore, insects were less attracted to peppers pre‐exposed to supplemental UV‐A and UV‐B radiation. Our results suggest that suppression of UV‐A and UV‐B inside the protected environment reduces aphid colonization and dispersal. Furthermore, application of moderate exposure of young pepper plants to supplemental UV‐B radiation could aid in protection from the colonization by phytophagous insects.     

Bottom‐up effects mediated by an organic soil amendment on the cabbage aphid pests Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae

Earthworm‐produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to increase resistance of plants to a variety of insect pests, but it is still unclear whether this resistance is dose dependent and whether the mechanisms responsible are the same for insect species with differing feeding habits and preferences. Therefore, we tested the effects of plants grown in various vermicompost concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60%) on the preference and performance of generalist, Myzus persicae L., and specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (both Hemiptera: Aphididae), aphid pests. Preference was evaluated with leaf disk (apterous) and whole plant (alate) choice assays. After 24 h of feeding, there was no significant negative effect on the feeding preference noted for apterae of either species of any of the treatments tested. To the contrary, apterae B. brassicae showed a significant preference for vermicompost treatments over control leaf disks. Alate M. persicae preferred alighting on control plants over vermicompost‐grown plants, but B. brassicae showed no preference toward any of the treatments tested. Both aphid species deposited significantly more nymphs on control plants than on those grown in 20% vermicompost. Furthermore, plants grown in soil amended with 20% vermicompost significantly suppressed mass accumulation, as well as numbers of adults and nymphs of both aphid species compared to controls. These data clearly show that vermicompost soil amendments can significantly influence pest aphid preference and performance on plants and that these effects are not dose dependent, but rather species and morph dependent.     

温度对桃离体花药散粉及花粉萌发的影响

以目前生产栽培较多的‘湖景蜜露’、‘霞晖6号’和‘白凤’3个桃品种为试材,连续2年调查了不同温度处理下花药失水率、花药散粉时间以及花粉离体萌发特性等变化。结果表明：桃花药于相对低温条件下散粉失水率较低,随散粉温度升高失水率相应上升;花药开裂所需时间与处理温度呈相反趋势;3个品种花粉离体萌发率随散粉温度的升高而下降。离体花药在超过30℃的温度条件下散出的花粉在萌发过程中出现花粉管变短、花粉瘪小的概率增多的现象,表明高温促使花药脱水和散粉加快,但降低了花粉活力。在桃树花期以及制备花粉时外界环境温度应控制在30℃以下。     

光周期对休眠诱导期桃树光合及PSⅡ光系统性能的影响

人工设置长日照和短日照2种光周期(以自然条件为对照),测定6年生春捷桃树叶片光合参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学参数,研究诱导休眠期间光周期对北方落叶果树光合性能的影响.结果表明： 短日照条件下树体可提前进入休眠诱导期,长日照条件下则延后进入.休眠诱导期间,桃树叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)升高,表明P_n降低的原因是非气孔限制;PSⅡ的最大光化学效率φ_Po(或F_v/F_m)、潜在活性（F_v/F_o）、PSⅡ反应中心捕获的光能用于Q_A^-下游的电子传递的能量比例(ψ_o)和光合性能指数(PI_ABS)均降低,表明光合电子传递链的电子传递能力受到抑制,其原因可能是PSⅡ反应中心受体侧Q_A^-下游的电子传递链受到了伤害.长日照有利于提高休眠诱导期的光合速率,减小PI_ABS下降幅度,减轻光系统的受害程度,短日照则明显加深、加速光合机构的损坏.光周期的诱导效应与休眠进程相关.