基于参与性调查的农户对环境移民政策及重建预案的认知与响应——西南喀斯特移民迁出区研究

环境移民工程的实施对迁出区生态重建产生了极其重要的影响.研究采用参与性农户评估方法(PRA)对喀斯特石山区4个屯农户进行了调查,根据研究需要将其分为移民迁出区和非移民迁出区,对比两组农户的现有耕地面积、经济收入以及对移民政策的态度等问题,探讨迁出区的移民效应和可持续性问题.研究表明:环境移民缓解了人地关系的矛盾,提高了耕地的利用效率、加强了农户环境意识、增加了经济收入以及抵御自然灾害风险的能力,有力地保证了退耕还林政策的顺利实施和多种经营的推广.但仍然存在4个不容忽视的问题.一是潜在移民人数仍然很高.二是农户种植行为的商业化,忽视了对土地利用的可持续性.三是现有的配套措施不够完善,水、路等基础设施亟待解决.四是特色产业和文化受到冲击.     

Epigenetics of Osteoporosis: Critical Analysis of Epigenetic Epidemiology Studies

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease with poorly understood pathogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNA might play a key role in OA initiation and development. We reviewed recent publications and elucidated the connection between miRNA and OA cartilage anabolic and catabolic signals, including four signaling pathways: TGF-β/Smads and BMPs signaling, associated with cartilage anabolism; and MAPK and NF-KB signaling, associated with cartilage catabolism. We also explored the relationships with MMP, ADAMTS and NOS (NitricOxide Synthases) families, as well as with the catabolic cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α. The potential role of miRNAs in biological processes such as cartilage degeneration, chondrocyte proliferation, and differentiation is discussed. Collective evidence indicates that miRNAs play a critical role in cartilage degeneration. These findings will aid in understanding the molecular network that governs articular cartilage homeostasis and in to elucidate the role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of OA.     

254例医疗纠纷鉴定结果分析

目的 通过对某市过去的医疗事故鉴定结果分析,找出预防医疗纠纷的工作重点和防范机制。方法 对254例鉴定案件统计分析,从涉及医院的等级和科室构成、委托来源、医院所负责任、事故级别构成等指标观察寻找医疗纠纷的预防重点。结果 涉及医院以区域性医疗中心为主,涉及科室以骨科、妇产科为主,委托来源以行政调解单位为主,医疗事故鉴定率为60.7%,医院负完全责任的占8.8%。 结论 某市医疗纠纷防范的重点单位是三级甲等医院和县医院,重点科室是骨科、妇产科等手术科室,重点预防措施应该放在加强沟通、注重人文关怀、构建和谐医患关系方面,以此来降低医疗纠纷的发生和非司法诉讼途径的解决。     

昭通地区野生猕猴桃资源及其利用评价

重点介绍了昭通地区野生猕猴桃资源的分布种类,同时对这些种类的利用进行了评价。     

绩效考核在传染病医院管理中的应用

目的：探讨医院绩效质量考核在专科性传染病医院的效果。方法：自2011年来,我院积极开展绩效考核制度：组建质量绩效考核管理小组、制定质量绩效考核管理制度、认真落实制度。结果：自实施绩效考核制度以来,我院临床医疗服务水平、医护人员个人服务水平、业务实施能力均得到了稳步提升。结论：绩效考核制度有利于医院整体水平提高,专科性传染病医院需根据自身情况制定出符合自己发展的绩效考核制度。     

绩效考核管理对护理服务质量的影响

?????? 目的 探讨科学有效的绩效考核管理方案,与护理人员分配体系挂钩,以调动护士工作的积极性和主动性,提高护理质量。方法 以2011年开展绩效考核管理的护理单元为研究对象,从护理人员岗位层级、完成护理工作数量、护理工作质量、病人对护理服务的满意程度等方面量化考核,并与未进行绩效管理前的考核成绩进行比较。结果 各护理单元实行绩效考核后,各项护理指标、病人的满意度均明显提高,差异有显著性（P <0.01）。结论 实施护理人员的绩效考核管理,能有效地提高护理质量,提高病人的满意度,有利于提升优质护理服务内涵,促进优质护理服务的深入持续发展。     

Social plasticity in fish: integrating mechanisms and function

Social plasticity is a ubiquitous feature of animal behaviour. Animals must adjust the expression of their social behaviour to the nuances of daily social life and to the transitions between life‐history stages, and the ability to do so affects their Darwinian fitness. Here, an integrative framework is proposed for understanding the proximate mechanisms and ultimate consequences of social plasticity. According to this framework, social plasticity is achieved by rewiring or by biochemically switching nodes of the neural network underlying social behaviour in response to perceived social information. Therefore, at the molecular level, it depends on the social regulation of gene expression, so that different brain genomic and epigenetic states correspond to different behavioural responses and the switches between states are orchestrated by signalling pathways that interface the social environment and the genotype. At the evolutionary scale, social plasticity can be seen as an adaptive trait that can be under positive selection when changes in the environment outpace the rate of genetic evolutionary change. In cases when social plasticity is too costly or incomplete, behavioural consistency can emerge by directional selection that recruits gene modules corresponding to favoured behavioural states in that environment. As a result of this integrative approach, how knowledge of the proximate mechanisms underlying social plasticity is crucial to understanding its costs, limits and evolutionary consequences is shown, thereby highlighting the fact that proximate mechanisms contribute to the dynamics of selection. The role of teleosts as a premier model to study social plasticity is also highlighted, given the diversity and plasticity that this group exhibits in terms of social behaviour. Finally, the proposed integrative framework to social plasticity also illustrates how reciprocal causation analysis of biological phenomena (i.e. considering the interaction between proximate factors and evolutionary explanations) can be a more useful approach than the traditional proximate–ultimate dichotomy, according to which evolutionary processes can be understood without knowledge on proximate causes, thereby black‐boxing developmental and physiological mechanisms.     

基于农户响应的北方农牧交错带生态改善策略

农户是农村地区生产和决策的基本单位,其生计策略和认知态度对当地生态环境有重要影响,基于农户生计策略和认知响应的调查分析是探讨生态改善策略的重要方法。以北方农牧交错带红旗滩小流域为例,采用参与式农户评估方法,对农户的社会经济特征以及农户对农业及农业政策的响应进行了调查分析。结果表明,研究区域农户经营结构具有典型的农牧二元特征,农、牧业之间相互依赖,分别解决粮食和增收问题,相对而言,农户对牧业生产抱有较高的期望。农户对退耕还林政策和禁牧政策持相反的态度。结合研究区域的生态和社会经济背景,对上述结果进行了深入的剖析,并在此基础上提出当地生态环境改善须考虑和解决三方面的问题:即农牧协调问题、农户的经济需求问题和农户的经营行为问题。     

医院绩效评估实践的发展

通过总结相关文献对部分国外医院绩效评估项目进行了描述，对这一领域的发展进行了简要总结。分析表明评估的基本框架已经得到广泛认可，评估项目需要结合特定的对象得以实施，注重反馈和改进措施。同国外的实践相比，国内的医院绩效评估实践需要深化细节，并同公立医院的内部绩效管理相融合。