白藜芦醇抗菌抗病毒作用的研究进展

白藜芦醇是一种天然活性物质,被认为是植物体在恶劣环境下受到病原菌感染,植物自身分泌的一种抗毒素,对植物本身起保护作用。随着对白藜芦醇研究的深入,发现白藜芦醇具有抗肿瘤、抗心血管疾病、治疗突变、抗氧化、抗菌抗炎、保肝、诱导细胞凋亡等生物药理活性。近年来,国内外很多学者对白藜芦醇的部分生物学功能进行了深层研究,但关于白藜芦醇抗菌、抗病毒的研究报道较少,本研究对近年来发现的白藜芦醇可抵抗的病原生物,按细菌、真菌、病毒进行分类列举,并对其部分已知抗菌抗病毒机制进行归纳。     

微生物饲料添加剂研究与应用进展

微生物饲料添加剂是依赖益生菌及其代谢产物发挥作用的绿色、安全的添加剂,在替代抗生素方面具有良好的发展前景。由于微生物饲料添加剂具有调节动物微生态平衡、增强免疫力、提高饲料转化率和生产性能、提高畜产品品质、改善养殖环境等诸多作用,因而在畜禽、水产等养殖中发挥着日益重要的作用。从概念剖析、作用机理、主要的微生物种类以及应用效果等方面,对微生物饲料添加剂的研究与应用现状加以简要综述,以期为进一步拓展微生物饲料添加剂的应用提供参考。     

Protein degradation and phosphorylation after freeze thawing result in spermatozoon dysfunction

Cryopreservation is widely used in many assisted conception units. Semen cryopreservation is the only proven method that offers many couples the chance to have children. However, spermatozoa are exposed to physical and chemical stressors during freezing and thawing that result in adverse changes in membrane lipid composition, sperm motility, viability, and acrosome status. Wang et al. (Proteomics 2014, 14, 298–310) evaluate the protein content of freeze‐thawed sperm samples relative to that of fresh sperm samples from the same normozoospermic donors. Four proteins are verified via Western blot and immunofluorescent staining, which are putatively involved in spermatozoon dysfunction. These marked differences demonstrated by Wang et al. suggest that dysfunctional spermatozoon after cryopreservation may be due to protein degradation and protein phosphorylation.     

Analysis of the tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services from the perspective of varied share of net primary production in an alpine grassland ecosystem

Because ecosystems are complex, tradeoffs exist among supplies of multiple ecosystem services, especially between the provisioning and regulating services. In ecosystem processes, net primary production (NPP) is connected with many other processes such as respiration and evapotranspiration. As one key supporting service, NPP is also related to other provisioning and regulating services. This study introduces an analysis framework of ecosystem services tradeoffs from the perspective of varied share of NPP, in the alpine grassland ecosystem of Damxung County on the Tibetan plateau, China. Total NPP was divided into the share of NPP spent on supplying provisioning services and the share used in supporting regulating services. Tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services were analyzed by quantifying the change of meat provisioning service and the remaining share of NPP used in other ways; the corresponding change in the share of NPP used to support regulating services was also analyzed and compared with other changes in regulating services, such as carbon sequestration and water conservation services. The results show, from 2000 to 2010, the meat provisioning service increased by 199%, but this was at a cost of additional livestock feeding, which used more NPP of the alpine grassland ecosystem. As a result, by 2010 the remaining NPP used for supporting regulating services shrank to 77% of the 2000 level, which was accompanied by a decrease in carbon sequestration and water conservation services by 90% and 67%, respectively. The analysis of tradeoffs from the perspective of variations in the share of NPP used for various services will contribute to the study of mechanisms involved in providing ecosystem services, interactions between the provisioning of various services, and will also help land managers improve the management of ecosystems.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与肝细胞癌相关关系的研究进展

世界上有数亿的人口患有丙型肝炎,而丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染易转为慢性,引起肝细胞炎性坏死及再生,导致肝纤维化、硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC),是危害人类健康的一个重要卫生问题。HCV的感染可导致HCC的发生,但HCV相关性HCC的发生机制尚不清楚。免疫逃避机制是感染慢性化的一个重要原因,病毒通过其基因组编码的蛋白使肝细胞发生转化,可能是肝细胞癌变的重要机制。     

抗日本血吸虫pVAX1／SjHGPRT-SDISP多价疫苗对昆明小鼠的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的：探讨抗日本血吸虫生殖产卵编码基因多价疫苗pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP对昆明小鼠的保护作用及其机制。方法：选取昆明小鼠30只,分别使用pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP、pVAX1以及生理盐水,每只小鼠100ug或等量经左腿股四头肌注射。处理2周后,采集动物模型血样检测IgG、IL-2,IL-4,IL-10以及INF-Y表达量。处理4周后,以20±1条尾蚴贴腹感染,感染6周后检测减虫率、减卵率。结果：尾蚴攻击动物后6周,pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP免疫组的肝脏减虫率为42．2％,子宫与肝脏减卵率分别为68．04％以及72．96％。与对照组比较,差异有显著性。pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP免疫组虫体内IgG、IL-4以及INF．V表达量明显升高．与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP多价疫苗具有较好的免疫保护作用,且该类作用的机制与IgG、IL-4以及INF—v的表达升高存在关联。     

丙泊酚对全肝缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:探究丙泊酚对全肝缺血再灌注(THIR)大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:选取72只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,将其按照抽签法分成假手术组、对照组以及丙泊酚组。所有大鼠予以12h禁食处理,采用3%戊巴比妥钠行腹腔注射麻醉处理,常规消毒后取上腹部正中切口进入腹腔。假手术组仅暴露肝门,不予以阻断处理。对照组与丙泊酚组则以无创动脉夹阻断肝固有动脉、门静脉和胆总管,在右肾动脉水平处阻断肝下下腔静脉,膈肌水平阻断肝上下腔静脉,进入全肝缺血阶段,阻断30 min后去除动脉夹恢复肝血流。其中丙泊酚组在全肝缺血前10 min予以丙泊酚50 mg/kg腹腔注射干预,假手术组与对照组则予以等量的生理盐水腹腔注射干预。比较三组大鼠再灌注24h后的脑组织细胞凋亡率、特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)蛋白表达水平,脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)水平,血清白介素-6(IL-6)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。结果:对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠的细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3相对表达量均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3相对表达量均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠脑组织SOD水平均低于假手术组,而丙泊酚组脑组织SOD水平高于对照组;对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠脑组织MDA、NO水平均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组脑组织MDA、NO水平低于对照组(均P<0.05)。对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:丙泊酚可有效抑制THIR大鼠脑损伤引起的细胞凋亡,其主要机制可能与抑制Caspase-3表达、炎症反应以及抗自由基损伤有关。     

Disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Plantaricin 149 and investigation of its mechanism of action with biomembrane model systems

The action of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide analog of Plantaricin 149 (Pln149a) against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its interaction with biomembrane model systems were investigated. Pln149a was shown to inhibit S. cerevisiae growth by more than 80% in YPD medium, causing morphological changes in the yeast wall and remaining active and resistant to the yeast proteases even after 24 h of incubation. Different membrane model systems and carbohydrates were employed to better describe the Pln149a interaction with cellular components using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies, adsorption kinetics and surface elasticity in Langmuir monolayers. These assays showed that Pln149a does not interact with either mono/polysaccharides or zwitterionic LUVs, but is strongly adsorbed to and incorporated into negatively charged surfaces, causing a conformational change in its secondary structure from random-coil to helix upon adsorption. From the concurrent analysis of Pln149a adsorption kinetics and dilatational surface elasticity data, we determined that 2.5 μM is the critical concentration at which Pln149a will disrupt a negative DPPG monolayer. Furthermore, Pln149a exhibited a carpet-like mechanism of action, in which the peptide initially binds to the membrane, covering its surface and acquiring a helical structure that remains associated to the negatively charged phospholipids. After this electrostatic interaction, another peptide region causes a strain in the membrane, promoting its disruption.     

HIV-1进攻靶细胞的机制及相应环节抑制剂

HIV－1是导致获得性免疫缺陷综合症（AIDS）的流行最广、破坏力最强的病毒。HIV－1分两个步骤特异性地进攻CD4^ 细胞：一是利用表面糖蛋白gp120和靶细胞膜上的受体结合;二是通过跨膜糖蛋白gp41使病毒的包膜和靶细胞的质膜发生融合,经过上述步骤,病毒的核心蛋白和遗传物质得以进入人体,然其中进行复制,遇时,细胞膜的稳定性被破坏,细胞的内外环境失去平衡,最终导致细胞死亡。HIV－1进攻靶细胞的机制研究所取得的成就为研制安全有效的抗HIV／AIDS药物提供了新的思路和方向。     

复合污染研究的新进展

对多种污染物相互作用形成的复合污染效应的研究已成为环境科学发展的重要方向之一。本文从元机复合污染、无机－有机复合污染以及有机复合污染3个方面对复合污染效应的最新进展进行了综述,并从化学、生理学、酶学、细胞学等角度出发探计了复合污染机理,指出了复合污染研究中存在的若干问题和发展方向。