Pyrene mineralization capacity increases with compost maturity

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of composting or simple addition of compost to the mineralization of n-hexadecane, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene in soil. Soil (contaminated or clean) was composted with maple leaves and alfalfa. Samples from different composting phases were spiked with radiolabeled and cold n-hexadecane, pyrene or benzo(a)pyrene, placed in aerated microcosms at different temperatures, and monitored for mineralization. It was determined that neither composting nor the addition of compost had any effect on n-alkane or benzo(a)pyrene mineralization. In contrast, the pyrene mineralization rate increased dramatically with the amount of time that soil had been composted. Highest pyrene mineralization rates and extents (more than 60% after 20 days) were obtained when pyrene was in contact with composted soil from the curing stage. Neither thermophiles (55 °C) nor fungi were responsible for pyrene mineralization.     

Characterization of different decomposition stages of biowaste using FT-IR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry

The decomposition stage and stabilization of organic matter in biowaste (mixture of yard waste and kitchen waste), originating from an open windrow process, were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). These investigations provided detailed information about chemical constituents and their behavior during the composting process. The chemical compounds were classified by their molecular signals in Py-FIMS. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed, that during the composting process, the group containing lipids, fatty acids and other chemical compounds with aliphatic skeletons changed the most. Corresponding with Py-FIMS findings changes were observed in absorbance bands of infrared spectra that reflect this group of organic compounds: the aliphatic methylene bands at 2925 and 2850cm^-1, the band of C=O vibrations of carboxylates at 1640cm^-1, the O=H in-plane bend of carboxylic acids, the CO₂ stretch of carboxylates and the CH₂ group of alkanes at around 1430cm^-1. During decomposition these bands decreased up to a steady level that indicated stabilization. The band at 1260–1240cm^-1 that can be assigned to the C=O stretch of carboxylic acids or to the C=N stretch of amides and the band of aromatic amines at 1320cm^-1 disappeared completely. The nitrate band at 1384cm^-1 appeared at a later stage of the composting process. The relative increase of chemical compounds like moieties of lignin, humic acids and tannins in the composted material contributed to the aromatic C=C band at around 1640cm^-1.     

畜禽粪便中抗生素抗性基因的分布特征及消减技术研究进展

随着集约化畜禽养殖业的不断发展,兽用抗生素的长期使用导致畜禽粪便抗生素抗性基因污染日益严重,对生态环境和人类健康造成严重危害。如何有效消减畜禽粪便中的抗生素抗性基因成为当前研究热点。本文系统总结了畜禽粪便中抗生素抗性基因的产生途径、分布和影响因素,并阐述了好氧堆肥、厌氧消化及其强化工艺消减畜禽粪便抗生素抗性基因的研究进展,根据现有工艺研究存在的问题展望了今后的重点研究方向,为畜禽粪便中抗生素抗性基因的消减提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

工厂化堆肥温室气体排放和氨气同位素特征

畜禽废弃物堆肥处理过程中产生的二氧化碳(CO₂)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)、甲烷(CH₄)和氨气(NH₃)等是重要的温室气体和大气污染物。但目前有关该过程气体排放的研究多基于室内小型模拟的反应器式堆肥,在工厂化堆肥条件下的原位气体排放监测较少。为探究工厂化堆肥产生气体对区域环境的影响,本研究对沈阳某堆肥厂畜禽废弃物堆体的气体排放进行了19 d的监测,并量化了排放氨气的自然丰度¹⁵N(δ¹⁵N)特征。结果表明: 堆置周期内,CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和NH₃的平均排放速率分别为86.8 g CO₂-C·d^-1·m^-2、9.8 g CH₄-C·d^-1·m^-2、3.7 mg N₂O-N·d^-1·m^-2和736.6 mg NH₃-N·d^-1·m^-2。温室气体日增温潜势(GWP)的贡献大小为CH₄>CO₂>NH₃(间接)>N₂O,其中CH₄贡献了65％。堆肥排放NH₃的δ¹⁵N在-21.8‰～-7.2‰,平均-11.6‰±1.2‰。本研究结果可为区域畜禽废弃物堆肥过程中温室气体排放的核算及大气氨溯源提供数据支持。     

Novel static composting method for bioremediation of olive mill waste

This paper presents results obtained on the evaluation of static composting process aimed at bioremediation of the hazardous solid olive mill waste (OMW). The static composting process carried out in gas-permeable polyethylene bags followed the fluctuating temperature and oxygen profiles similar to those seen in aerated composting systems. Static composting resulted in apparent increases and decreases in values for total nitrogen and C:N ratios respectively during the process. The amount of nitrogen (>3%) in the composting end product was in agreement with the Italian legislation (Decreto Legislativo 29 aprile 2010, n. 75) specification for nitrogen fertilizer. A gradual decrease in polyphenols during the storage of compost resulted in a non-phytotoxic composted organic matter high in humic substances. Different respirometric tests also stated high biological stability of the end compost product.     

生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中细菌群落结构的影响

【背景】细菌群落多样性影响堆肥过程,生物炭影响细菌的生长,但生物炭对猪粪堆肥细菌群落结构的影响尚未见报道。【目的】根据细菌群落结构和堆肥温度的变化规律,添加适量的生物炭到猪粪堆肥,以提高堆肥主要细菌的占比和堆肥效率,为推广生物炭和猪粪堆肥的联合应用提供参考。【方法】设计0%、3%、6%和9%的生物炭添加量,在堆肥的高温期和温度稳定期分别取样,总共8个样品。根据IlluminaMiSeq对细菌16SrRNA基因的高通量测序结果,分析生物炭添加量和堆肥温度对猪粪堆肥细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】在细菌门水平上,猪粪堆肥主要的细菌有Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi、Gemmatimonadetes、Firmicutes、Acidobacteria和Deinococcus-Thermus;在细菌属水平上,猪粪堆肥主要的细菌有Chryseolinea、Subgroup_6_norank、Steroidobacter、Anaerolineaceae、Nonomuraea、Longispora、Bacillus、Sporacetigenium、Luteimonas、Phyllobacteriaceae、Truepera、Rhodothermacea和Aquamicrobium。生物炭添加量对猪粪堆肥主要细菌的生长既有促进作用,也有抑制作用。随着生物炭添加量的增加,Bacillus、Streptomyces、Rhodothermaceae和Firmicutes的丰度随之增加,而Chryseolinea、Longispora和Steroidobacter的丰度却随之减少。Firmicutes、Bacillus和Streptomyces的丰度在堆肥高温期要大于堆肥温度稳定期,而Chloroflexi、Anaerolineaceae和Longispora则相反。猪粪堆肥高温期的细菌多样性要明显大于堆肥温度稳定期。堆肥高温期的细菌群落达到70个,远多于堆肥温度稳定期的15个;其中对猪粪堆肥起主要作用的细菌,堆肥高温期时达到7个(Rhizobiales、Incertae_Sedis、Proteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria、Xanthomonadales、Gammaproteobacteria和Steroidobacter),而堆肥温度稳定期只有3个(Micromonosporales、Longispora和Micromonosporaceae)。猪粪堆肥添加生物碳后,环境因子(电导率、含水量、温度和pH)对堆肥主要的细菌不能产生显著的影响。β-Proteobacteria、Rhodothermaceae、Phyllobacteriaceae和Bacterium是含水量、温度和pH影响最大的细菌。【结论】生物碳添加量和堆肥温度能改变猪粪堆肥的细菌群落结构,在猪粪堆肥高温期能显著增加细菌的数量和多样性。猪粪堆肥的电导率、含水率、温度和pH能影响堆肥细菌的生长,但对堆肥主要细菌的影响不显著。     

Continuous thermophilic composting (CTC) for rapid biodegradation and maturation of organic municipal solid waste

Fewer and fewer municipal solid wastes are treated by composting in China because of the disadvantages of enormous investment, long processing cycle and unstable products in a conventional composting treatment. In this study, a continuous thermophilic composting (CTC) method, only a thermophilic phase within the process, has been applied to four bench-scale composting runs, and further compared with a conventional composting run by assessing the indexes of pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), C/N ratio, germination index (GI), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dehydrogenase activity. After composting for 14 days, 16 days, 18 days and 19 days in the four CTC runs, respectively, mature compost products were obtained, with quality similar to or better than which had been stabilized for 28 days in run A. The products from the CTC runs also showed favorable stability in room temperature environment after the short-term composting at high temperature. The study suggested CTC as a novel method for rapid degradation and maturation of organic municipal solid wastes.     

微生物菌剂对干旱区城市防护绿地凋落物分解的影响

为探寻促进干旱区城市防护绿地凋落物分解的途径,2007年10月下旬,分别采用青贮复合菌剂、秸秆腐熟剂和速腐增效剂3种微生物菌剂,对克拉玛依市区北郊防护绿地内的凋落物进行为期198 d的堆腐试验.结果表明： 堆腐前期(0～30 d),微生物菌剂处理能够加快堆腐凋落物的分解,其中速腐增效剂处理与对照差异显著;随堆腐时间的延长,堆腐凋落物中N、P和Ca浓度均持续上升;试验结束时,各营养元素浓度均比初始值高14.2%～252.9%;在整个堆腐过程中,堆腐凋落物有机碳分解率持续升高,C/N值逐渐下降.添加微生物菌剂加快了堆腐凋落物的腐熟速度,提高了堆腐凋落物养分浓度,其中以秸秆腐熟剂处理效果最佳.     

接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥过程中细菌群落多样性的影响

利用PCR-DGGE方法研究了接种外源微生物菌剂对鲜猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明：接种外源微生物菌剂可以促进堆肥的顺利进行,比不接种处理的高温期提前2 d.DGGE图谱分析表明,堆肥中优势细菌群落组成发生了明显的更迭现象,不同堆肥时期细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著差异.目的条带克隆测序结果表明,整个堆肥过程Clostridium stercorarium subsp. thermolacticum sp.一直是优势菌属,不经培养细菌、Bacillus coagulans sp.、Clostridium thermocellum sp.在接种外源微生物菌剂处理的第10、16天成为优势菌属,不经培养的Firmicutes sp.和不经培养的 delta proteobacterium分别在未接种外源微生物菌剂处理堆肥发酵的第5天和第16天成为优势菌属.非优势菌属Ureibacillus thermosphaericus、不经培养的Silvimonas sp.出现在堆肥腐熟后期,不经培养的土壤细菌主要出现在堆肥初期和高温初期.UPGMC聚类分析表明,接种外源微生物菌剂明显影响了堆肥不同时期的细菌群落结构组成.堆肥化过程中细菌DGGE图谱主成分分析表明,细菌群落变化主要受外源接种微生物菌剂的影响.