植物花粉S基因及其应用研究进展

自交不亲和性(self-incompatibility)研究是探讨植物遗传机制和植物育种的重要基础.在显花植物中,配子体自交不亲和由花柱S基因S-RNase和花粉S基因两个基因控制,这两个基因都具有较高的多态性和序列多样性的特征.花粉自交不亲和性是由花粉特异表达的F-box基因控制,命名为SFB(S haplotype-specific F-box protein)基因,并认为它就是花粉S基因的首选.就SFB基因的克隆、结构特点和作用机理以及应用予以综述.     

航天搭载对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了航天搭载对两个种源地小桐子种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:航天搭载降低了种子的活力;在幼苗生长方面,航天搭载对小桐子幼苗的成苗率没有显著影响,航天搭载扩大了版纳种源当代幼苗株高及地径的变异范围,对元阳种当代幼苗的株高及地径影响不明显.这说兑叫不同种源地的植物对太空环境的反应有所不同.本研究为航天技术有效的运用于小桐子诱变育种提供依据.     

角额壁蜂在苹果梨园生活力下降的原因分析

采用测定苹果梨和苹果的花粉量以及对其主要营养成分进行定量分析的方法,探椭角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski)在苹果梨园生活力下降的主要原因。结果表明,苹果梨花粉的花粉量约为苹果花粉的1/3,是角额壁蜂在苹果梨园的繁殖比明显低于苹果园的主要原因;苹果梨花粉与红富士等苹果花粉相比,在主要营养物质方面具有高糖、高纤维,低蛋白、低水分的特点,在矿质营养方面,苹果梨花粉具有高Ca和Mg,低Fe和Zn的特点。这些差异是引起连续使用苹果梨园的角额壁蜂出茧率和活动能力逐年下降的主要原因。     

An Examination of the Function of Male Flowers in an Andromonoecious Shrub Capparis spinosa

The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. （Capparaceae） and confirmed that pollen production and cumulative volume and sugar concentration of nectar do not differ between male and perfect flowers. However, male flowers produced larger anthers, larger pollen grains and smaller ovaries than perfect flowers. Observations on pollinators indicated that two major pollinators （Xylocopa valga Gerst and Proxylocopa sinensis Wu） did not discriminate between flower morphs and that they transferred pollen grains a similar distance. However, there were more seeds per fruit following hand pollination with pollen from male flowers than from perfect flowers. Individuals of C. spinosa with a larger floral display （i.e. bearing more flowers） received more pollen grains on the stigma of perfect flowers. Female reproductive success probably is not limited by pollen. These results indicate that male flowers of C. spinosa save resources for female function and that they primarily serve to attract pollinators as pollen donors.     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

Eighty-four pollen samples were obtained for 80 taxa, of which, 13 species and one variety are from sect. Brachycalyx Sweet, 58 species and two varieties from sect. Tsutsusi Sweet, and six species from subgen. Pentanthera （G. Don） Pojarkova, respectively. Pollen morphology of all samples was observed using LM and SEM. Pollen grains are revealed to be spheroidal and tetrahedral with tricolporate apertures. Pollen sizes of subgen. Tsutsusi （Sweet） Pojarkova range from 37.67 μm to 61.06μm, and the exine sculptures are more or less compactly granulated. Pollen sizes are significantly different between sect. Brachycalyx and sect. Tsutsusi of subgen. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron tashiroi Maxim. of sect. Tsusiopsis Sleumer shows a close affinity to sect. Brachycalyx. Pollen size and exine are consistent with general morphology in differentiating species in sect. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron huadingense B. Y. Ding ＆ Y. Y. Fang, once placed as a member of sect. Brachycalyx, should be considered as a species in subgen. Pentanthera.     

Microsporogenesis and meiotic behavior in nine species of the genus Pinus

The meiotic behavior of 10 taxa （nine species and one variety） of the genus Pinus was investigated using pollen mother cells （PMCs） to reveal the differentiation among karyotypes. Chromosome spreads were prepared by conventional squashing. The meiotic index and the average configuration were higher, whereas the frequency of aberrance （chromosomal bridges, fragments, or micronuclei） was lower, in all 10 taxa compared with other gynmosperms. The meiotic index, average configuration, and frequency of irregularity were found to be uniform among the species. It was shown that the genomes of the Pinus species investigated were highly stable, confirming results of previous mitotic analyses in this genus. However, slight differentiation of homologous chromosomes among genomes was revealed by analysis of meiotic configurations in Pinus nigra var. poiretiana. Quadrivalents were observed in 9.31% of PMCs in this species. This is the first time that quadrivalents have been observed in gymnosperms.     

安徽省皖南山区植物的花粉形态和生态因子

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究安徽省皖南山区广德柏垫和东至利安5月份开花的37科66种植物的花粉形态.对这些植物的生态因子,包括海拔高度、年降水量、年积温和生境进行归纳.进而根据同一区域内相同或相似生态环境条件下分布的植物花粉类型,寻取一定花粉类型综合特征与气候和环境之间可能的联系,为地层孢粉研究提供现代孢粉学依据.     

北柴胡和狭叶柴胡的萌发试验研究

目的：提高北柴胡和狭叶柴胡种子的发芽率,加大黑龙江省道地药材的开发力度。方法：采用40℃温水浸种8h后,流水冲洗4h;150w微波辐射25s（北柴胡）、20s（狭叶柴胡）;柳枝浸出液为萌发剂;浓H2SO4浸种2s,同时培养未经处理的种子作为对照组。结果流水组两种柴胡的发芽率分别为82%、86%;微波组发芽率分别为77%、75%;柳浸组发芽率分别为67%、72%;浓硫酸组发芽率分别为45%和35%;对照组发芽率41%、47%。结论：大规模播种可采用40℃温水浸种8h,流水冲洗4h,150w微波辐射25s（北柴胡）、20s（狭叶柴胡）,采用柳枝浸出液为萌发剂均可提高发芽率。     

油菜花粉总黄酮的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

采用微波辅助提取法提取油菜花粉总黄酮,通过单因素和正交试验,得到最佳提取条件：80％的乙醇、1：20的料液比、提取时间140s、微波功率242W、提取3次,总黄酮质量分数为（2．64±0．05）％。同时还研究提取物对羟自由基、DPPH自由基的清除作用,以及对小鼠肝组织脂质过氧化的抑制作用,自由基半清除质量浓度和脂质过氧化丰抑制盾奄浓度分剐为0．115、0．325和0．065mg／mL。     

马先蒿属花冠形态的多样性与传粉式样的关系

马先蒿属(Pediculais)是有花植物中花冠形态多样化最为集中的属。该属主要的传粉者是熊蜂属(Bormbus)昆虫;在北美,熊蜂和蜂鸟是马先蒿植物一些种类有效的传粉者;也发现壁蜂(Osmia)为其传粉。不同的传粉机制要求某一特定的取食式样储藏和释放花粉。本文讨论了花冠类型的进化趋势与传粉式样和花粉形态的关系。传粉者的选择压力是决定花冠多样化的重要因素之一;花冠类型与传粉者和传粉行为紧密相关。马先蒿植物和传粉者的相互依赖与其花冠类型、功能和物候互相适应,但花冠类型与花粉形态两者之间似乎没有明显的一一对应关系。通过北美、日本和喜马拉雅不同地理分布马先蒿种类的比较研究表明,具有相同花冠类型的种类有着相同的传粉方式,花冠形态与传粉式样存在紧密的协同进化关系。