钦州湾大型底栖动物生态学研究

通过2008年~2009年在钦州湾及附近海域进行的4个航次的大型底栖动物调查,共获大型底栖动物8门62科94种,软体类最多,其次为多毛类,种类季节变化较大。以优势度指数Y>0.02为判别标准,调查区春季优势种为方格皱纹蛤（Periglypta lacerata (Hanley)）、刺足掘沙蟹（Scalopidia spinosipes Stimpsom）和独齿围沙蚕（Perinereis cultrifera Grube）,夏季优势种为方格皱纹蛤、刺足掘沙蟹和持真节虫,秋季优势种为曲波皱纹蛤和网纹藤壶,冬季优势种为肋鲳螺和方格皱纹蛤。春、夏季优势种变化不大,秋、冬季优势种变化较大,除方格皱纹蛤外均为季节特有种。海区底栖生物平均总密度和平均总生物量分别为439ind./m2和115.14g/m2。与20世纪80年代钦州湾茅尾海调查结果相比,平均栖息密度有所升高,但是平均生物量却有较大程度的降低。底栖动物群落的丰富度指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）和均匀度指数（J′）平均值分别为4.01、1.80和0.73,水平不高。用SPSS软件将各站大型底栖动物的平均密度、平均生物量、多样性指数等生态特征值与水深等理化因子进行了Pearson相关分析,结果表明春季各特征指数与环境因子相关性不显著;夏季丰度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均与水深呈显著负相关,种类数、丰富度和多样性指数与沉积物pH呈显著负相关;秋季密度与硫化物呈显著正相关;冬季生物量与硫化物和有机质均呈显著正相关。     

Tree-ring-based disturbance reconstruction in interdisciplinary research: Current state and future directions

Disturbances play an important role in forest dynamics. The determination of long-term spatiotemporal characteristics of disturbance regimes is essential for understanding forest dynamics and its shifts under global changes. Tree rings are known to provide detailed insight into both temporal and spatial patterns of forest disturbance history. One of the most commonly used indirect tree-ring techniques for investigating past disturbances is growth release detection (GRD), i.e. the abrupt radial growth increase of trees as a reaction to improved light conditions after the death of a disturbed neighbouring canopy tree or trees. However, there are several issues which have not been addressed so far. Here, an overview of GRD and guide for researchers aiming to incorporate GRD into their research is provided, with focus on conventional running mean methods. The aim is to cover various issues of the GRD procedure such as sampling strategy and data quality, selection of appropriate methods and parameter settings, suggested analysis procedures as well as result presentation. Overall, the importance of GRD incorporation in multidisciplinary studies of forest dynamics is highlighted, as it offers a precise tool for gathering long-term information about past disturbances. Lastly, this paper also suggests several future challenges focused on possible utilization of GRD in mainstream ecology to answer long-standing global ecological questions and improve understanding of past processes in forest ecosystems.     

Forest history and the development of old‐growth characteristics in fragmented boreal forests

Questions: Can small and isolated high‐conservation value forests (e.g. designated woodland key habitats) maintain old‐growth forest characteristics and functionality in fragmented landscapes? To what extent have past disturbances (natural and anthropogenic) influenced the development of old‐growth characteristics of these forests? How long does it take for selectively cut stands to attain conditions resembling old‐growth forests? Location: Southern boreal zone of central Sweden. Methods: We linked multiple lines of evidence from historical records, biological archives, and analyses of current forest structure to reconstruct the forest history of a boreal landscape, with special emphasis on six remaining core localities of high‐conservation value forest stands. Results: Our reconstructions revealed that several of these stands experienced wildfires up to the 1890s; all had been selectively harvested in the late 1800s; and all underwent substantial structural and compositional reorganization over the following 100‐150 years. This time interval was sufficient to recover considerable amounts of standing and downed dead wood (mean 60.3 m³ ha^?1), a range of tree ages and sizes (mean basal area 32.6 m² ha^?1), and dominance of shade‐tolerant spruce. It was insufficient to obtain clearly uneven tree age structures and large (>45 cm diameter) living and dead trees. Thus, these forests contain some, but not all, important compositional and structural attributes of old‐growth forests, their abundance being dependent on the timing and magnitude of past natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Our landscape‐level analysis showed marked compositional and structural differences between the historical forest landscape and the present landscape, with the latter having a greater proportion of young forests, introduction of non‐native species, and lack of large trees and dead wood. Conclusions: The remnant high‐conservation value stands were not true representatives of the pre‐industrial forests, but represent the last vestige of forests that have regenerated naturally and maintained a continuous tree cover. These traits, coupled with their capacity for old‐growth recovery, make them valuable focal areas for conservation.     

Seven <Emphasis Type="Italic">Armillaria</Emphasis> species identified from Hokkaido Island,northern Japan

Sixty-two isolates from basidiocarps of Armillaria spp. were obtained from Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Six species (Armillaria cepistipes, A. gallica, A. nabsnona, A. ostoyae, A. sinapina, and an undescribed species, “Nag. E”) were identified by pairing tests with known tester strains and one subspecies (Armillaria mellea subsp. nipponica, a non-heterothallic form of A. mellea) was identified by its macro- and micro-morphological characters of the basidiocarps. This is the first case of “Nag. E” being reported from Hokkaido Island.     

赤水河外来鱼类尖头(鱥)和董氏须鳅的引种溯源及生态适应性分析

历史上,赤水河流域干流及支流的鱼类物种组成中未曾出现过尖头 （Rhynchocypris oxycephalus）和董氏须鳅（Barbatula toni）。但是,近年来在赤水河支流白沙河的鱼类资源调查中发现了这两个物种的分布,其来源及未来的生存可能性受到关注。本研究比较了尖头 赤水河野外种群与养殖种群形态上的差异;基于线粒体Cyt b基因序列,分析了赤水河流域尖头 和董氏须鳅的来源,并通过生态位模型分析了这两种鱼在赤水河流域的生态适应性。形态数据结果表明,尖头 在赤水河的野外种群与养殖种群的个体大小存在显著差异,养殖种群的体长、尾柄长、尾柄高3个形态数据均高于野外种群。分子系统发育分析结果显示,尖头 赤水河流域野外种群及养殖种群与辽宁杨运种群聚为一支,董氏须鳅则与来自内蒙古、辽宁和河北的种群聚为一支。生态位模型分析表明,赤水河支流白沙河具有尖头 的中度适生区,其适生性概率为0.620;而董氏须鳅在该区域的适生性概率较低,仅为0.025,这可能与该物种已有分布数据较少有关。采样中发现白沙河实际采样点的水温较低,与北方分布点的水温接近,推测该区域仍具备尖头 和董氏须鳅生存的条件。综上所述,赤水河流域的尖头 和董氏须鳅均为来自东北地区的外来种,且能适应赤水河的生态环境。这与现场访问结果一致,未来需要加强种群监测以防成为外来入侵种。     

中国石山叶猴生态学研究进展

喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境。石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴（Trachypithecus francoisi）、白头叶猴（T.leucocephalus）、德氏叶猴（T.delacouri）、金头叶猴（卡巴叶猴,T.poliocephalus）、越南乌叶猴（T.hatinhensis）、印支黑叶猴（T.ebenus）、老挝乌叶猴（T.laotum）7种。迄今为止,对分布于中国的黑叶猴和白头叶猴的生态学已有较多研究,而对其他石山叶猴的研究较缺乏。本文对中国黑叶猴和白头叶猴的种群生态学、行为生态学、保护生物学研究进行综述,以促进叶猴生态学理论的发展和完善,为我国特有珍稀濒危动物保护提供基础资料。未来研究应关注石山叶猴的种群历史以及对栖息地破碎化和气候变化的适应机制等问题。     

Diversity and abundance of nematode-trapping fungi from decaying litter in terrestrial, freshwater and mangrove habitats

Nematode-trapping fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial habitats in dung, soils, litter and woody debris and they also occur in freshwater, but only one species has been found in marine habitats. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate whether nematode-trapping fungi occurred in mangrove habitats. To achieve this we assessed the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi on decaying litter from mangroves, freshwater and terrestrial habitats (22 sites) in Hong Kong. Composite samples (n = 1,320) of decaying litter (wood and leaves) were examined and a total of 31 species of nematode-trapping fungi belonging to four genera, Arthrobotrys, Monacrosporium, and Dactylella were recorded. Twenty-nine species reported in this study are new records for Hong Kong and 16 species are new records from mangrove habitats worldwide. Nematode trapping fungi are therefore present in marine environments. Commonly encountered taxa were Arthrobotrys oligospora and Monacrosporium thaumasium which are abundant in all habitats. A. oligospora, M. thaumasium and Arthrobotrys musiformis were frequent (F > 10%). Twenty-six species were rare (0.16–9.32%). Species richness and diversity was higher in terrestrial than in freshwater and mangrove habitats (ANOVA, P < 0.001). A higher mean diversity was observed on decaying leaves as compared to decaying wood in all habitats (P < 0.001). Based on Shannon diversity index, it was also observed that taxa characterized by adhesive nets were more frequent in all habitats. This can be explained by the fact that these taxa may have a better competitive saprotrophic ability which would allow them to compete favourably in nutrient limited environments. Abiotic factors that could be linked to differences in species diversity between decaying wood and leaves are also discussed.     

The distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Symbiodinium</Emphasis> diversity within individual host foraminifera

While one-to-one specificity between reef-dwelling hosts and symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium may occur, detailed examination of some hosts reveals that they contain multiple symbiont types. Individuals of the foraminifer Amphisorus hemprichii living in Papua New Guinea contained mixed communities of Symbiodinium dominated by symbiont types in clades C and F. Moreover, the types showed a distinct pattern in their distribution across the radius of the foraminifer, with clade F Symbiodinium more prevalent in the center of the host cell. The mixed community of symbionts and their pattern of distribution within the foraminifer is likely the result of processes happening both inside the foraminifer and in its external environment. Persistent mixed symbiont communities in foraminifera may be stabilized through benefits conferred by maintaining multiple symbiont lineages for symbiont shuffling. Alternatively they may be stabilized through a heterogeneous internal host environment, partitioning of symbiont functional roles or limitation of symbiont reproduction by the host. Six factors generally determine the presence of any particular symbiont type within a foraminifer: mode of transmission, availability from the environment, recognition by the host, regulation by the host, competition between lineages, and fitness of the holobiont. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis naturally colonising Brassica campestris var. chinensis leaves on neonate larvae of Pieris brassicae

The feeding of neonate larvae of Pieris brassicae (Order Lepidoptera) on leaves of brassica plants that had been colonised by Bacillus thuringiensis resulted in the death of 35% of the population within 72 h. The bacteria multiplied in the cadavers, resulting in an increase of about 50-fold compared to the living insects. Surviving insects showed no ill effects during the time of the study. There was negligible multiplication of B. thuringiensis in the frass.