亚热带-温带过渡区秦岭落叶阔叶林幼苗组成及数量动态研究

以秦岭落叶阔叶林25 hm²固定样地的木本植物幼苗为研究对象,于2015 - 2019年对幼苗种类、数量、萌发和死亡情况进行调查,并对幼苗的物种组成、数量及动态特征进行分析。结果显示：5年间调查到的幼苗分属24科42属,共69个物种,累计记录 11 408 株;样地中的树种组成和优势树种组成基本不变,但整体物种数有减少趋势;幼苗数量在年际间和不同物种间有较大差异,17个物种幼苗数量较多,大于100株,其总和占幼苗总量的56.28%,产生新增幼苗的物种有53个,累计增加6280株;死亡幼苗6929株,其中4469株为新生幼苗,占新增幼苗总数的74.14%,新苗的死亡数远远大于旧苗死亡数;幼苗新增和死亡的高峰期大致吻合,出现在每年的5 - 7月。整体看来,秦岭大样地的幼苗数量处于平稳波动状态,物种更新较为稳定。     

Effects of the susceptibility of rice varieties to Sogatella furcifera on nymphal development and reproduction of Microvelia horvathi through a food chain

The effects of four rice varieties highly susceptible （ Xiang-Zao-Xian31 and Jia-Yu 164 ）, moderately susceptible （ Wei-You402 ）, and resistant （ Zhu-Liang-You02 ） to the whitebacked planthopper Sogatellafurcifera on the nymphal development, reproduc- tion and survival of Microvelia horoathi were investigated through a food chain using SogateUafurcifera as herbivore prey. Significant longer nymphal developmental time were observed in the 1 st, 4th, 5th instar and whole nymphal stage of M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed ZLY02 and WY402 than those of the other two varieties. M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed resistant ZLY02 showed a significant lower survival of whole nymphal stage than those fed other three susceptible varieties. Moreover, M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed resistant ZLY02 had shorter female longevity and lower lifetime fecundity than those of on susceptible XZX3l. Our results suggest that the S. furcifera- resistant rice variety ZLY02 had a negative effect on the growth and development of the predator M. horvathi through a food chain.     

Foraging behavior related to habitat characteristics in the invasive wasp Vespula germanica

When foraging on carrion resources, the wasp Vespula germanica usually makes repeated visits to the feeding site until depleting the resource. In the present study we analyzed how environmental cues affect wasps' behavior when re‐locating a protein food source. We studied this behavior in two different natural habitats: closed and open habitats. As closed habitats have more references to orient wasps to the feeding site than open habitats, we hypothesized that they would return to the foraging site more frequently in closed habitats than in open ones. We tested this hypothesis by studying wasp behavior in three different natural habitat conditions: (i) closed habitats, (ii) open habitats, and (iii) open habitats artificially modified by adding five sticks with flagging. Experiments consisted of training individual wasps to feed from a certain array, and at the testing phase we removed food and displaced the array by 60 cm. Therefore, we recorded wasps’choices when returning to the training area, by counting both the wasps’first approaches and the number of visits to the original feeding site and the displaced array. Wasps' behavior while re‐locating a protein food source was different if foraging at open or closed habitats. Wasps more frequently revisited a previous feeding location when foraging in closed habitats than when foraging in open ones. Furthermore, wasps more frequently visited the displaced array than the original feeding site in all three treatments. Nevertheless, when wasps were trained in closed habitats, they returned to the original feeding site more frequently than if trained in open ones. Interestingly, when five sticks with flagging were added in open habitats, wasps responded similarly as in closed habitats without these references. The results show that foraging behavior in V. germanica seems to be different in closed and open habitats, probably associated with the existence of references that guide foragers when re‐locating undepleted resources.     

神奇的营养素

研究表明,人体需要大约40种维生素和矿物质。虽然人们吃下去丰富的食物,但获得的某些至关重要的维生素和矿物质却仍然太少。究竟什么样的合理饮食才能使人们生活得更好呢?     

花生抗青枯病种质脂肪酸组成的遗传多样性

通过对123份不同类型抗青枯病花生种质种子脂肪酸的鉴定测试,分析了抗青枯病花生种质在这些性状方面的遗传分化,并与6006份资源组成的花生基础收集品进行了比较。研究结果表明,我国抗青枯病花生资源的油酸含量平均为51.78%,显著高于基础收集品的对应值(45.64%);亚油酸含量平均为28.88%,显著低于基础收集品的对应值(34.36%);高油酸种质较多,油酸含量达61%以上的资源23份,所占比重为18.7%,显著高于基础品中的相应比重(2.65%)。标准差、变异系数以及遗传多样性指数的分析结果表明,抗青枯病资源在油酸和亚油酸含量方面的遗传分化程度高。     

灵芝不同菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和抗氧化活性分析

灵芝多糖是药用真菌灵芝的主要活性成分之一。早期研究发现不同灵芝子实体多糖的单糖组成和活性存在差异,但不同灵芝菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和活性是否有区别仍不清楚。本研究通过液体发酵获得灵芝菌株5.26和5.616的胞外多糖,使用DEAE-cellulose和Sephadex G-200柱色谱分离纯化得到了两种多糖(5.26-2-1和5.616-2-1),并对5.26-2-1,5.616-2-1的单糖组成和抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明,5.26-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,而5.616-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成。5.26-2-1中葡萄糖的摩尔百分比为63.97%,显著高于5.616-2-1 (29.3%),但半乳糖的摩尔百分比为9.34%,显著低于5.616-2-1 (42.78%)。当多糖质量浓度为2 mg/mL时,5.26-2-1的Fe²⁺螯合能力、对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和羟自由基(·OH)的最大清除率分别为71.9%、71.3%和60.8%,显著高于5.616-2-1的值(63.5%、60.4%和51.8%)。本研究有助于灵芝多糖的开发与利用,为进一步探究灵芝多糖的构效关系提供了重要信息。     

不同中药复方及不同提取方法提取液对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响*

目的: 探讨不同中药处方组成及其不同提取方法的复方提取物对小鼠耐缺氧能力的影响,以优选其处方组成和制备提取方法。方法: 将雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分成6组:空白对照组、复方丹参组、复方红景天醇-水提取组(红景天、黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方红景天水提取组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组(黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方黄芪水提取组,每组30只,每组小鼠连续灌胃给药10 d,空白组灌胃灭菌注射用水,复方丹参组0.15 g/kg,复方红景天醇-水提取组和水提取组3 g/kg,复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组1.7 g/kg。各组于末次灌胃1 h后进行常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒存活实验和急性脑缺血缺氧实验,并测定小鼠脑组织氧化应激相关抗氧化物酶活性和代谢物含量。结果: 与空白对照组相比,复方丹参组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组常压耐缺氧存活时间均显著延长(P＜0.01),脑缺血缺氧后张口喘气次数均显著增加(P＜0.05)。各组注射亚硝酸钠后存活时间没有统计学差异。与空白对照组相比,复方黄芪水提取组T-AOC、SOD、GSH和CAT活性均显著升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),MDA含量均显著降低(P＜0.01),与复方丹参组相比,复方黄芪水提取组SOD、CAT、GSH活性均显著升高(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 复方黄芪水提取组的耐缺氧效果最好,原复方红景天全方可以剔除红景天由黄芪、黄精、枸杞子组成,其提取方法为水提。     

海南健康百岁老人膳食营养调查分析

目的：了解海南省健康百岁老人的膳食营养情况,分析特殊人群的膳食模式特征。方法：采用半定量食物频率调查表调查海南省儋州市、澄迈市等两个地区健康百岁老人的膳食情况,并进行记录和分析,结合《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》及中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量分析其膳食特点。结果：调查共纳入27名海南百岁老人,平均年龄（103.81±2.95）岁。海南百岁老人饮食首选烹饪方式为水煮（85.19%）,能量摄入偏低（1 040 kcal/d）,三大产热营养素供能比分别为碳水化合物52.67%、脂肪32.82%、蛋白质14.69%,优质蛋白占总蛋白的58.97%,畜禽肉摄入稍高,蔬菜类、水产类摄入达到推荐摄入量,食盐摄入量符合低盐标准,其他维生素及微量元素摄入普遍偏低。结论：海南省百岁老人有其独特的膳食模式特点,可以为进一步验证这种膳食模式的作用提供科学依据。     

家庭、学校环境与儿童肥胖

儿童超重肥胖率在全球范围内快速上升,已成为威胁儿童健康与发展的重要公共卫生问题。致肥胖环境是预防与控制儿童肥胖的可改变因素,包括食物环境和身体活动环境。作为儿童的主要活动场所,家庭和学校所提供的食物/运动设施、教育和咨询服务、制定的食物/运动规则、行为示范作用、食物/运动相关的经济因素等,均与儿童的食物选择以及身体活动水平有关,并进一步影响儿童肥胖风险。既往关于家庭/学校环境与儿童肥胖的关系结论尚不一致,有必要进行现有证据分析和评价,为相关指南及政策的制定提供依据,并在下一步的研究中补充高质量的纵向研究设计,补充中国人群（尤其儿童）数据,并综合考虑不同层次致肥胖环境与个体因素交互作用对行为和体重的影响。     

紫色土线虫对长期不同施肥措施的响应

土壤线虫在农田生态系统中数量丰富且对土壤环境变化敏感, 可用于评估不同田间管理条件下的土壤健康。本文探究了紫色土区长期不同施肥措施及土壤团聚体粒径对线虫群落的分布及其生态功能多样性的影响。试验设置了5个施肥处理: 不施肥(对照, CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、生物炭 + 化肥(BCNPK)、商品猪粪 + 化肥(OMNPK)和秸秆 + 化肥(RSDNPK)。团聚体粒径分为: 原状土(BS)、大团聚体(> 2 mm; LA)和小团聚体(0.25-2 mm; SA)。结果表明, 与对照相比, 施肥可促进线虫数量增长, 其中单施化肥处理下增幅最小(66%); 有机物料与化肥配施对线虫数量的提升更为显著, 秸秆 + 化肥处理下增幅达206%。不同施肥处理间线虫类群相对丰度差异显著, 大小均表现为: 食细菌线虫(BA) > 杂食/捕食线虫(OP) > 植食线虫(PP) > 食真菌线虫(FU)。小团聚体较其他土壤团聚体的杂食/捕食线虫丰度更低, 食细菌线虫丰度较高。秸秆与化肥配施处理下线虫群落结构指数和富集指数显著增加, 且各施肥处理下线虫功能足迹呈现明显差异。有机肥与化肥配施(尤其是秸秆 + 化肥)可提高土壤养分供应且有利于形成稳定健康的土壤生态系统, 助推区域农业的可持续发展。