西藏蟾蜍皮肤的组织学观察

为了解西藏蟾蜍Bufo tibetanus与其高海拔生活环境的适应性,采用常规石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色方法,对西藏蟾蜍雌雄性头部、躯干和四肢的背、腹侧皮肤显微结构进行了观察、测量和比较。结果显示皮肤的基本结构与已报道的无尾两栖类相似,由表皮和真皮组成。表皮较薄,由5~8层细胞构成,由外到内分为角质层、中间层和基底层。真皮较厚,分为疏松层和致密层。各部位大多表现为背侧皮肤厚度大于腹侧,相应部位大多为雌性大于雄性。皮肤厚度的变化在一定程度上与西藏蟾蜍运动方式和繁殖期间抱对行为相适应。皮肤腺体分粘液腺和颗粒腺2种。色素细胞主要分布在疏松层近表皮处,但在表皮和腺体周围也可见色素细胞的不连续分布。皮肤中毛细血管极其丰富,不仅在表皮下几乎成连续分布,而且在腺体周围也有密集分布。西藏蟾蜍皮肤结构明显表现出与生活环境中强紫外辐射和缺氧环境相适应的特点。     

中国蟾蜍属精子形态比较

采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了采自我国的蟾蜍属(Bufo)7种(亚种)的精子形态,对精子各部位量度进行了测量和计算。结果表明,该属7种(亚种)精子的形态基本相同,精子由头部、中片和尾部组成,头部细长微弯且前端渐尖,中片有球状突起,尾部长,由轴纤维、轴丝和波动膜构成。与已有报道的两栖动物的精子形态相比较,蟾蜍属精子与无尾类其他科精子形态差别较大,而与有尾类精子形态相似。本文认为两栖动物精子形态和量度在科间存在明显差异;两栖动物精子形态的差异可能与其繁殖模式有关。     

气候变化和青蛙之死

当J．Alan Pounds等人报告哥斯达黎加蒙特维多云雾森林中的金蟾蜍和多色蟾蜍（斑蟾）出现了消失,科学家逐渐意识到上个世纪80年代各种青蛙物种消失的事情,直道20世8E90年代末期,研究人员才发现令全球青蛙神秘消失的可疑元凶：一种传染性疾病,壶菌（Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis）引起的壶菌病。     

四种动物血浆纤维蛋白原含量的比较

血浆纤维蛋白原是血浆蛋白之一,它是由三对不同的多肽链以二硫键连接而成为纤维状蛋白质。分子量为340.0000,在人体血浆中浓度为200—400mg/100ml血浆。用盐析法可将血浆蛋白分为白蛋白、球蛋白和纤维蛋白三部分。 研究止血、血管内栓塞和溶解栓塞的药物,常以纤维蛋白原含量的变化为指标。因此了解常用实验动物的血浆纤维蛋白原的正常含量,对生理和药理学工作者是有一定参考价值的。据我所查资料,蟾蜍和家鸡的血浆纤维蛋白     

四种细胞因子在中华蟾蜍脑中的分布

采用免疫组织化学SABC法,研究白介素-1α、干扰素-γ、神经生长因子-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α在成体中华蟾蜍脑中的表达和分布特点。结果发现,白介素-1α阳性细胞数量很多,分布于脑的各个区域。白介素-1α多在细胞的胞体中,而原始海马锥体细胞,中脑的背前侧被盖核和腹后侧被盖核中的细胞可见阳性的突起。干扰素-γ阳性细胞数量较多,分布在端脑的原始海马和隔区,丘脑腹外侧核,下丘脑的视前区、视交叉上核和腹侧漏斗核,中脑被盖的背前侧被盖核、腹前侧被盖核、背后侧被盖核和腹后侧被盖核中,小脑的Purkinje细胞层和延髓的网状核,其中原始海马,背前侧被盖核和背后侧被盖核,视交叉上核,Purkinje细胞层和网状核中的细胞中可见阳性突起。神经生长因子-β阳性细胞数量较少,主要存在于下丘脑的视前区和视交叉上核,中脑被盖的腹前侧被盖核,小脑的Purkinje细胞层和延髓的网状核中,其中视前区、Purkinje细胞层和网状核中细胞可见阳性突起。肿瘤坏死因子-α阳性细胞数量最少,分布范围仅限于中脑被盖背前侧区和延髓的网状核及中缝核,但细胞具有阳性突起。因此,白介素-1α和干扰素-γ在成体动物脑中分布较为广泛,可能是神经细胞生命活动所必需的;而神经生长因子-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α在成体动物脑中分布范围狭窄,其作用可能仅限于脑中的某些特殊区域。     

新疆有花背蟾蜍分布的再证实

2007年6～7月在新疆两栖类考察过程中,于乌鲁木齐北京五家渠市安宁渠镇附近(海拔1655 ft,N:44°01.705',E:87°30.763')采集到两种蟾蜍标本.     

三氯杀螨醇对中华蟾蜍卵巢发育的影响

选取健康活跃的中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans雌性个体分成5个试验组,每组7只,分别以0.00(对照组,注射任氏液)、0.25、0.50、1.00和2.00 mg/kg浓度的三氯杀螨醇(DCF)行体腔注射染毒,每3 d一次,连续30 d,于第31 d对各组蟾蜍称量体重,之后杀死动物取其卵巢称重计算卵巢系数,并对卵巢以Bouin's液固定,石蜡切片(厚7 μm),H.E染色,用Axioskop40显微镜统计单位面积内(0.02 cm2)卵泡数量,观察卵巢内卵泡发育进程和卵泡结构.用t检验得出各试验组卵巢系数和卵泡数量差异的显著性.     

水热环境对黑眶蟾蜍幼体存活的影响

禁食后在9种水热条件下,观测了不同温湿度对黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus Schneider)幼体存活时间和动用体内贮能情况的影响。黑眶蟾蜍幼体在24℃浅水环境中存活时间长达22d。在高温和干燥条件下幼体的存活时间最短,32℃干燥环境中幼体存活时间不到1d。不同温湿度环境下幼体体内含脂量有显著差异。在高温和干燥环境中幼体存活时间短,动用贮能少,其体内脂肪含量和总能量动用少于其它温湿度环境中的幼体。结果表明,黑眶蟾蜍幼体适宜生活在24℃浅水和湿润环境中,觅食不足并非影响其幼体存活时间的主要因子,而高温和干燥是影响其幼体存活时间的关键因子。     

First Record of the Gekkonid Genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 from Gunung Mulu National Park,Northern Sarawak,East Malaysia may Represent an Undescribed Species

We provide confirmed photographic evidence for the previously overlooked occurrence of the polyphyletic Asian gecko genus Cnemaspis from Gunung Mulu National Park, the world-renowned UNESCO natural heritage site in northern Sarawak, East Malaysia. This new record from Sarawak province represents a remarkable range extension for Cnemaspis cf. kendallii by 550 km to the northeast and denotes the most northern occurrence of the genus in Borneo. Our new finding makes it very likely that these gekkonid lizards also inhabit appropriate limestone karst habitats in adjacent Sabah, Brunei, and Kalimantan. Given the visible differences in the Mulu specimen compared to those from the remaining distribution range on Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula together with the fact that numerous Cnemaspis species are restricted to small areas, it seems plausible that another undescribed, rather cryptic and possibly locally endemic Bornean species is involved. Lastly, the new record contributes to the importance of the Mulu National Park as a major conservation area in East Malaysia of international concerns.     

New Karyological and Morphometric Data on Poorly Known Bufo surdus and Bufo luristanicus in Comparison with Data of Diploid Green Toads of the Bufo viridis Complex from South of Iran

Previous studies on the Bufo viridis complex, which is distributed broadly across Iran, are incomplete and restricted to a few regions or a few samples. In this paper a new detailed study on the B. viridis complex in southern of Iran （from West to East） is presented. The analysis of 18 morphometric characters with univariate and multivariate methods reveals significant differences between three members of the B. viridis complex namely B. variabilis, B. luristanicus, and B. surdus distributed in southern part of Iran. Our result help to resolve an old taxonomic problem about B. surdus subgroup （taxa closely related to B. surdus） confirming that B. luristanicus and B. surdus are distinct species. Moreover, for the first time we report and describe karyotype details of B. luristanicus and B. surdus which confirmed that they are diploid. Karyological studies demonstrate that all toads from three mentioned species have 2n = 22 chromosomes. These chromosomes are arranged into two groups. First group has six large chromosomes and the second group is composed of five small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. The number of submetacentric chromosomes is different in three mentioned species of B. viridis complex. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.