植物-微生物互惠共生: 演化机制与生态功能

植物-微生物互惠共生是一种特殊的合作形式, 在整个生命和陆地生态系统的演化历史中起着至关重要的作用。在全球环境变化背景下, 植物和微生物间的互惠共生对生态系统功能的维持具有重要意义。尽管合作/互惠共生如此重要, 在生物学中却存在着对它的历史偏见与忽视。特别地, 尽管互惠共生的理论与建模发展已有较长的历史, 但不同学科分支间仍存在着多种不同的观点。本综述从两个看似对立的视角概述植物-微生物互惠共生的概念框架, 即微生物学家关心的微观机制和生态系统生态学家关注的宏观影响。宏观模型通常从一组过于简单的假设出发, 便于理论分析。但微观机制是开展定量预测的基础, 因此新一代基于过程的宏观模型需嵌入微观机制, 这对预测全球变化下的生态系统响应至关重要。此外, 希望本文也可以吸引更多学者关注合作/互惠的重要作用, 并将这一概念应用于解决其他生态学和社会学问题。     

The marketing ofLactarius deliciosus in Northern Spain

We report the harvesting of an average of 4,000 kg of saffron milk caps (Lactarius deliciosus Fr.) per day during four to six weeks between mid-October and mid-November in a village of 200 inhabitants in northern Spain. Nearly every inhabitant picks saffron milk caps, for which they receive an average of 2 ε/kg. A family of four could make a profit of 5,600–8,400 ε in a season (average annual income per family in the area is 18,727 ε). Pickers sell the harvested mushrooms either to a local middleman or directly to the buyer, who then takes the produce to the final point of sale, usually in Catalonia, where the demand for saffron milk caps is increasing yearly. This trade has occurred for 30 years, and began when saffron milk caps started to appear in the area after pine trees were introduced to replace the native oaks. This study provides evidence that the collection and marketing of wild edible fungi is a profitable task on a local and national scale.     

Rethinking the deserving body: altruism,markets, and political action in health care provision

Abstract

I seek to understand two dimensions in the evolution and practices of medical institutions in the USA. First, I ask, how and why do medical organizations limit, suspend, or redirect profit-oriented functions to abide by principles of altruism and still survive in a competitive market economy? Reaching out to poor and immigrant populations entails non-economic factors, including the deployment of religious and humanitarian narratives. Conversely, the extent and character of legislative actions supporting philanthropic endeavours is closely related to mobilization at the grassroots level. I investigate the ways in which community organizations bring about changes to support practices that confound, at least to some extent, market expectations and underscore the significance of political action to secure health care services on behalf of low-income populations, including immigrants.     

生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用

构建生态补偿机制协调区域生态环境保护和经济发展矛盾的有效手段,但生态补偿标准及其确定方法一直是生态补偿机制建立中的重点和难点.在文献调研的基础上,论述了确定生态补偿标准的理论基础:生态系统服务功能价值理论、市场理论和半市场理论.以这3种理论为依据,系统总结了生态补偿标准确定的主要方法,并对不同方法的原理、适用的范围、特点及其应用的典型案例展开述评.最后对如何完善生态补偿标准确定方法进行了展望.     

世界主要国家的干细胞研究最新动态

介绍了主要国家干细胞研究的政策支持、成果产出及市场需求动态。利用SCI引文数据库和Derwent数据库收录的论文和专利信息,对1995年~2008年主要国家干细胞研究的论文和专利进行了分析,以供我国干细胞研究者参考。     

L-赖氨酸的应用、生产及市场展望

论述了L -赖氨酸的性质、应用及生产方法 ,并对国内外L -赖氨酸的生产消费现状和市场前景进行了分析     

The number of subordinates moderates intrasexual competition among males in cooperatively breeding meerkats

For dominant individuals in cooperatively breeding species, the presence of subordinates is associated with both benefits (i.e. increased reproductive output and other group-living benefits) and costs (i.e. intrasexual competition on reproduction). The biological market theory predicts that dominant individuals are tolerant to same-sex group members when there are only a few subordinates, so as to maximize their own reproductive success. We investigated factors affecting aggression by dominant males and submission by subordinate males for a cooperatively breeding mammal, meerkats, Suricata suricatta. In this species, reproductive conflict occurs between the dominant male and the non-offspring males. As predicted, the number of subordinates in a group was positively associated with the aggression frequency by the dominant male and with the submission frequency by the subordinate males. Relative to the aggression frequency against male offspring, the frequency of aggression against non-offspring males was comparable in small groups, but was higher in large groups. These results indicate that reproductive conflict is present between the dominant male and the non-offspring males but is moderated in groups with small numbers of subordinates. This study provides an empirical data agreeing with the biological market theory in the context of intrasexual competition in cooperatively breeding species.     

Proteomics analysis of mature seed of four peanut cultivars using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis reveals distinct differential expression of storage, anti-nutritional, and allergenic proteins

Profiles of total seed proteins isolated from mature seeds of four peanut cultivars, New Mexico Valencia C (NM Valencia C), Tamspan 90, Georgia Green, and NC-7, were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-LC–MS/MS). Two-dimensional gels stained with silver nitrate revealed a total of 457, 516, 556, and 530 protein spots in NM Valencia C, Tamspan 90, Georgia Green, and NC-7, respectively. Twenty abundant protein spots showing differences in relative abundance among these cultivars were analyzed by nESI-LC–MS/MS, resulting in identification of 14 non-redundant proteins. The majority of these proteins belonged to the globulin fraction consisting of arachin (glycinin and Arah3/4) and conarachin seed storage proteins as well as other allergen proteins. The expression of some of these identified protein spots was cultivar-specific. For example, allergen Arah3/Arah4 and conarachin protein spots were only detected in Tamspan 90 and NC-7, whereas the Gly1 protein spot was detected only in NM Valencia C and NC-7. Moreover, a galactose-binding lectin protein spot with anti-nutritive properties was only present in Tamspan 90. Other proteins showing differences in relative abundance among the four cultivars included 13-lipoxygenase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Together, these results suggest that identified proteins might serve as potential markers for cultivar differentiation and may be associated with underlying sensory and nutritional traits of peanut cultivars.     

疫苗市场概况分析

疫苗是目前人类预防疾病最有效的武器,是每个人都脱离不开的公共医疗产品,为全人类的健康做出了巨大贡献。目前全球大约有68种疫苗上市销售,能够预防34种疾病。近年来全球疫苗市场稳步增长,疫苗销售额逐年增加,2015年全球疫苗销售总额达到296亿美元,辉瑞、默沙东、赛诺菲、葛兰素史克、诺华五大巨头占据市场销售额的85%以上,多种疫苗产品取得较好销售成绩。中国疫苗市场规模也在迅速增长,2015年疫苗市场产值达到183.7亿元,2015年疫苗批签发数量达到7.04亿瓶,疫苗生产企业产品种类不断丰富,疫苗研发能力逐渐增强。新兴国家疫苗市场正在逐步发展,其中印度表现优异,中国疫苗产业国际化方面虽落后于印度,但也取得了不少进步,走向国际市场已经成为不可逆转的趋势。     

抗肿瘤药物市场概述

无论在发达国家还是在发展中国家,癌症都是死亡率最高的疾病,并且其死亡率和发病率仍不断增高,因此抗肿瘤药物市场的潜力巨大。1997年至2015年,FDA共批准128个抗肿瘤药物,全球抗肿瘤药物市场规模超过1000亿美元,靶向药物占比达到62%,已经成为抗肿瘤新药的主流。全球抗肿瘤药物市场集中度极高,罗氏是其中的领导者,各大药企都对抗肿瘤药物怀有极大的开发热情。国内抗肿瘤药物以传统药物为主,靶向药物市场份额正在迅速提升,同时自主研发型新药也在逐渐增多。2015年国内抗肿瘤药物市场规模达到957.83亿元,未来还将进一扩大。