水体酸化对泥鳅体重的影响及其对红细胞核异常的诱导

以pH值6.5为对照组,比较了pH值3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5等7个酸性水体对泥鳅体重及红细胞核的影响,结果表明,随着pH值的降低,红细胞的核异常率提高,并且各处理组中泥鳅体重下降率均出现峰值,提示了低pH值水体对泥鳅红细胞核异常率具有潜在的诱变作用,并能促进泥鳅体重下降率的升高。     

T细胞的效应功能受有氧糖酵解的转录后调控

非增殖细胞将葡萄糖代谢为丙酮酸,进而进入线粒体的三羧酸循环,通过氧化磷酸化产生还原当量和ATP。然而,增殖细胞如激活的T细胞和癌细胞,它们进行糖酵解,在胞浆中将丙酮酸代谢为乳酸,有充足的氧气可以进行氧化磷酸化(OX-PHOS)。这一现象被称为Warburg效应。显然,后者在提供能量方面效率不如前者,提示这一过程可能有其他功能。之前有学者认为有氧糖酵解在增殖产生子细胞营养物质生物合成的过程中是必需的。但是氧化磷酸化转变为有氧糖酵解是T细胞激活而不是增殖的标志,所以作者希望探索有氧糖酵解对T细胞是否有增殖以外其他方面的功能。他们的研究成果发表在2013年6月6日在线出版的《细胞》(cell)杂志上。     

胞外酸性与肿瘤的浸润转移

组织缺氧是实体瘤的一个主要特征,它引起肿瘤细胞胞外酸性环境的形成.肿瘤细胞通过质子感知的G蛋白偶联受体（G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs）或质子感知的离子通道感知其胞外的酸性环境,并激活多条细胞内信号通路,影响细胞功能. 肿瘤最致命的方面在于其转移能力,肿瘤转移程度与肿瘤细胞迁移能力呈正相关. 因此,对胞外酸性与肿瘤细胞迁移扩散之间关系的深入研究将有助于发现更多新的抗肿瘤转移药物.本文就肿瘤酸性微环境的形成、肿瘤细胞的质子感知制、胞外酸性环境对肿瘤浸润转移的影响及如何将肿瘤pH调节应用于癌症治疗等方面的内容予以综述.     

马尾松和香樟的抗土壤酸化能力及细根生长的差异

采用钻取土芯法对土壤和根系取样,分析比较了在相似立地条件下的酸化土壤上生长的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）纯林和香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）纯林的抗酸能力及细根生长与垂直分布。研究结果表明,与马尾松纯林相比,香樟纯林在腐殖质层和0—60cm土层中的盐基离子（Ca^2＋和Mg^2＋）含量、盐基饱和度和pH值较高,而Al^3＋、H^＋含量较低,香樟纯林具有较强的减缓土壤酸化能力;在腐殖质层和0—20cm土层,香樟纯林单位面积的各项细根生长指标均显著高于马尾松纯林（P〈0．05）,其中,在0—20cm土层,香樟纯林单位面积的细根干重、长度、表面积、体积和根尖数分别是马尾松纯林的1．40、2．91、2．55、2．27倍和3．48倍;在腐殖质层,香樟纯林和马尾松纯林单位土体的细根干重、长度、表面积、体积和根尖数达最大值,而且香樟纯林分别是马尾松纯林的3．30、7．55、6．16、4．89倍和6．89倍,二者各项细根密度指标的垂直分布均随土层加深而减少,但香樟纯林递减速度快于马尾松纯林,就细根而言,香樟属于浅根性树种,马尾松属于深根性树种。对两树种0～20cm土层的土壤酸化程度和细根生长的分析表明,香樟细根的抗土壤酸化能力较强。因此,利用香樟混交来改良酸沉降区马尾松纯林的酸化土壤和林木生长具有重要意义。     

Cleavage of the Carboxyl-Terminus of LEACS2, a Tomato 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase Isomer, by a 64-kDa Tomato Metalloprotease Produces a Truncated but Active Enzyme

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid （ACC） synthase （ACS） is the principal enzyme in phytohormone ethylene biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that the hypervariable C-terminus of ACS is proteolytically processed in vivo. However, the protease responsible for this has not yet been identified. In the present study, we investigated the processing of the 55-kDa full-length tomato ACS （LeACS2） into 52-, 50- and 49-kDa truncated isoforms in ripening tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Cooperation 903） fruit using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-boiling method. Meanwhile, an LeACS2-processing protease was purified via multi-step column chromatography from tomato fruit. Subsequent biochemical analysis of the 64-kDa purified protease revealed that it is a metalloprotease active at multiple cleavage sites within the hypervariable C-terminus of LeACS2. N-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis indicated that the LeACS2-processing metalloprotease cleaves at the C-terminal sites Lys^438, Glu^447, Lys^448, Asn^456, Ser^460, Ser^462, Lys^463, and Leu^474, but does not cleave the N- terminus of LeACS2. Four C-terminus-deleted （26-50 amino acids） LeACS2 fusion proteins were overproduced and subjected to proteolysis by this metalloprotease to identify the multiple cleavage sites located on the N-terminal side of the phosphorylation site Ser^460. The results indisputably confirmed the presence of cleavage sites within the region between the α-helix domain （H14） and Ser^460 for this metalloprotease. Furthermore, the resulting C-terminally truncated LeACS2 isoforms were active enzymatically. Because this protease could produce LeACS2 isoforms in vitro similar to those detected in vivo, it is proposed that this metalloprotease may be involved in the proteolysis of LeACS2 in vivo.     

结合三代测序与二代测序技术揭示蜜蜂球囊菌孢子转录组的复杂性

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)是一种专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫的致死性真菌病原。本研究旨在利用PacBio单分子实时(singlemoleculereal-time,SMRT)测序技术对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子(AaS)中基因的可变剪切(alternative splicing,AS)和可变多聚腺苷酸化(alternative polyadenylation,APA)以及长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)进行鉴定和分析,进而揭示蜜蜂球囊菌孢子中转录组的复杂性。【方法】采用Suppa软件对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子中基因的AS事件进行鉴定。通过RT-PCR对不同类型的AS事件进行验证。采用TAPIS pipeline对蜜蜂球囊菌孢子基因的APA位点进行鉴定。利用MEME软件分析孢子全长转录本的poly(A)剪接位点上游50bp的序列特征并鉴定motif。联用CPC和CNCI软件和比对Swiss-prot数据库的方法预测lncRNA,取三者的交集作为高可信度的lncRNA集合。进一步比较lncRNA和mRNA的转录本长度,外显子数量与长度,内含子长度,GC含...     

The Chloroplast Kinase Network： New Insights from Large-Scale Phosphoproteome Profiling

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells and affects almost all basic cellular processes. The chloroplast as plant-specific cell organelle with important metabolic functions is integrated into the cellular signaling and phosphorylation network. Recent large-scale chloroplast phosphoproteome analyses in Arabidopsis have provided new information about phosphorylation targets and expanded the list of chloroplast metabolic and regulatory functions that are potentially controlled by protein phosphorylation. Phosphorylated peptides identified from chloroplast proteins provide new insights into phosphorylation motifs, protein kinase activities, and substrate utilization. Phosphorylation sites in protein kinases can reveal chloroplast phosphorylation cascades that may network different functions by integrating signaling chains. Our review provides a meta-analysis of currently available chloroplast phosphoproteome information and discusses biological insights from large-scale chloroplast phosphoprotein profiling as well as technological constraints of kinase network analysis.     

高通量测序技术在可选择性多聚腺苷酸化研究中的应用

可选择性多聚腺苷酸化(alternative polyadenylation,APA)在基因表达调控中起着重要的作用。位于最后一个外显子的APA可以产生具有不同3'UTR长度的mRNA异构体,在细胞中可影响信使RNA(messager RNA,mRNA)的稳定性、翻译效率、转运及亚细胞定位等。随着第二代高通量测序技术的发展,研究人员近年来发展了许多高通量测序文库制备方法,对全基因组APA进行测序和分析。综述了当前研究全基因组水平APA的技术,并且总结了APA与一系列关键生物现象的关系,包括免疫应答、神经反应、胚胎发育和肿瘤发生等。随着APA研究的深入,APA越发成为新的基因转录与翻译调控的研究热点。     

四种饮用水对地鼠生长发育的影响及评估

目的评估不同饮用水对地鼠生长发育的影响。方法将104只25日龄地鼠随机以每组雌雄各半分为4组,分别饲喂酸化水和高压水、过滤水和普通水,在饲养过程中分别量取体重、水消耗量,水pH值,胎间隔、成活率、脏器系数和骨髓细胞微核数,并对组间数据结果进行统计学处理。结果 4种饮用水量与体重呈线性正相关;酸化水在抑制细菌方面优于其他饮用水;骨髓细胞微核试验、地鼠脏器系数在各组无显著变化。结论酸化水在抑制细菌生长优于其他饮用水;过滤水适宜地鼠生长繁殖。     

Acetylation control of metabolic enzymes in cancer： an updated version

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the critical features in cancer. Tumor cells preferentially utilize glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen, namely ＇Warburg Effect＇. Recent studies have provided new insights into the Warburg effect, elucidating metabol- ic-dependent and independent mechanisms of metabolic enzymes regulated by post-translational modifications and providing further evidence for the critical role of these tricks in cancer metabolism and tumorigenesis. Of particu- lar interest, we summarized the latest advances in both the metabolic and the non-metabolic functions of metabolic enzymes via the acetylation regulation in the Warburg effect. In addition, their potential roles in cancer metabol- ism therapy will also be briefly discussed.