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11.
Sex allocation according to multiple sexually dimorphic traits of both parents in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) 下载免费PDF全文
A. Romano M. Romano M. Caprioli A. Costanzo M. Parolini D. Rubolini N. Saino 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2015,28(6):1234-1247
Parents should differentially invest in sons or daughters depending on the sex‐specific fitness returns from male and female offspring. In species with sexually selected heritable male characters, highly ornamented fathers should overproduce sons, which will be more sexually attractive than sons of less ornamented fathers. Because of genetic correlations between the sexes, females that express traits which are under selection in males should also overproduce sons. However, sex allocation strategies may consist in reaction norms leading to spatiotemporal variation in the association between offspring sex ratio (SR) and parental phenotype. We analysed offspring SR in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) over 8 years in relation to two sexually dimorphic traits: tail length and melanin‐based ventral plumage coloration. The proportion of sons increased with maternal plumage darkness and paternal tail length, consistently with sexual dimorphism in these traits. The size of the effect of these parental traits on SR was large compared to other studies of offspring SR in birds. Barn swallows thus manipulate offspring SR to overproduce ‘sexy sons’ and potentially to mitigate the costs of intralocus sexually antagonistic selection. Interannual variation in the relationships between offspring SR and parental traits was observed which may suggest phenotypic plasticity in sex allocation and provides a proximate explanation for inconsistent results of studies of sex allocation in relation to sexual ornamentation in birds. 相似文献
12.
Sympatric divergence and clinal variation in multiple coloration traits of Ficedula flycatchers 下载免费PDF全文
T. Laaksonen P. M. Sirkiä S. Calhim J. E. Brommer P. K. Leskinen C. R. Primmer P. Adamík A. V. Artemyev E. Belskii C. Both S. Bureš M. D. Burgess B. Doligez J. T. Forsman V. Grinkov U. Hoffmann E. Ivankina M. Král I. Krams H. M. Lampe J. Moreno M. Mägi A. Nord J. Potti P.‐A. Ravussin L. Sokolov 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2015,28(4):779-790
Geographic variation in phenotypes plays a key role in fundamental evolutionary processes such as local adaptation, population differentiation and speciation, but the selective forces behind it are rarely known. We found support for the hypothesis that geographic variation in plumage traits of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca is explained by character displacement with the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis in the contact zone. The plumage traits of the pied flycatcher differed strongly from the more conspicuous collared flycatcher in a sympatric area but increased in conspicuousness with increasing distance to there. Phenotypic differentiation (PST) was higher than that in neutral genetic markers (FST), and the effect of geographic distance remained when statistically controlling for neutral genetic differentiation. This suggests that a cline created by character displacement and gene flow explains phenotypic variation across the distribution of this species. The different plumage traits of the pied flycatcher are strongly to moderately correlated, indicating that they evolve non‐independently from each other. The flycatchers provide an example of plumage patterns diverging in two species that differ in several aspects of appearance. The divergence in sympatry and convergence in allopatry in these birds provide a possibility to study the evolutionary mechanisms behind the highly divergent avian plumage patterns. 相似文献
13.
Fecundity selection does not vary along a large geographical cline of trait means in a passerine bird 下载免费PDF全文
Päivi M. Sirkiä Peter Adamík Alexandr V. Artemyev Eugen Belskii Christiaan Both Stanislav Bureš Malcolm Burgess Andrey V. Bushuev Jukka T. Forsman Vladimir Grinkov Dieter Hoffmann Antero Järvinen Miroslav Král Indrikis Krams Helene M. Lampe Juan Moreno Marko Mägi Andreas Nord Jaime Potti Pierre‐Alain Ravussin Leonid Sokolov Toni Laaksonen 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2015,114(4):808-827
Local environmental and ecological conditions are commonly expected to result in local adaptation, although there are few examples of variation in phenotypic selection across continent‐wide spatial scales. We collected standardized data on selection with respect to the highly variable plumage coloration of pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca Pall.) males from 17 populations across the species' breeding range. The observed selection on multiple male coloration traits via the annual number of fledged young was generally relatively weak. The main aim of the present study, however, was to examine whether the current directional selection estimates are associated with distance to the sympatric area with the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis Temminck), a sister species with which the pied flycatcher is showing character displacement. This pattern was expected because plumage traits in male pied flycatchers are changing with the distance to these areas of sympatry. However, we did not find such a pattern in current selection on coloration. There were no associations between current directional selection on ornamentation and latitude or longitude either. Interestingly, current selection on coloration traits was not associated with the observed mean plumage traits of the populations. Thus, there do not appear to be geographical gradients in current directional fecundity selection on male plumage ornamentation. The results of the present study do not support the idea that constant patterns in directional fecundity selection would play a major role in the maintenance of coloration among populations in this species. By contrast, the tendency for relatively weak mosaic‐like variation in selection among populations could reflect just a snapshot of temporally variable, potentially environment‐dependent, selection, as suggested by other studies in this system. Such fine‐grained variable selection coupled with gene flow could maintain extensive phenotypic variation across populations. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114 , 808–827. 相似文献
14.
Anne C. Jacobs Jeanne M. Fair Marlene Zuk 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2015,121(2):176-186
Coloration in birds can act as an important sexual signal in males, yet in many species, both sexes display bright colors. Social selection may account for this pattern, with more brightly colored individuals pairing together on the best territories. Mutual mate choice may also explain this, as males investing a great deal of parental care in the offspring should be choosy about their social mates. It is less clear whether this pattern of mate choice can apply to extra‐pair partners as well. We examined western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) to determine whether more colorful individuals tended to pair with one another, both in social pairs and between females and their extra‐pair partners. Both male and female western bluebirds display both UV‐blue structural plumage and a melanin‐based chestnut breast patch, although females are duller than males. Social pairs mated assortatively with regard to UV‐blue brightness, but not chestnut coloration. There was no evidence that extra‐pair partners mated assortatively, but males with brighter UV‐blue coloration had fewer extra‐pair offspring in their nests. Older males were more successful at siring extra‐pair offspring, despite displaying no differences in coloration compared to younger males. Coloration did not play a role in determining extra‐pair male success. These results suggest that coloration plays a role in the formation of social pairs, but not mate choice for extra‐pair partners. 相似文献
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16.
Human hair melanins: what we have learned and have not learned from mouse coat color pigmentation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hair pigmentation is one of the most conspicuous phenotypes in humans. Melanocytes produce two distinct types of melanin pigment: brown to black, indolic eumelanin and yellow to reddish brown, sulfur‐containing pheomelanin. Biochemically, the precursor tyrosine and the key enzyme tyrosinase and the tyrosinase‐related proteins are involved in eumelanogenesis, while only the additional presence of cysteine is necessary for pheomelanogenesis. Other important proteins involved in melanogenesis include P protein, MATP protein, α‐MSH, agouti signaling protein (ASIP), MC1R (the receptor for MSH and ASIP), and SLC7A11, a cystine transporter. Many studies have examined the effects of loss‐of‐function mutations of those proteins on mouse coat color pigmentation. In contrast, much less is known regarding the effects of mutations of the corresponding proteins on human hair pigmentation except for MC1R polymorphisms that lead to pheomelanogenesis. This perspective will discuss what we have/have not learned from mouse coat color pigmentation, with special emphasis on the significant roles of pH and the level of cysteine in melanosomes in controlling melanogenesis. Based on these data, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the diversity of human hair pigmentation. 相似文献
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18.
The most commonly preserved soft tissues associated with ornithischian dinosaurs are skin remains. The apparent resistance of hadrosaur skin to decay, and its abundance in the fossil record relative to that of other tetrapods, has been attributed to factors such as thickness and composition. Here we report additional intrinsic factors within hadrosaur skin: 3D-preserved eumelanin-bearing bodies, dermal cells and blood vessel fragments in an organic matrix composed of protein fossilization products. The skin is much thinner than that of living mammals of similar size. It is likely that the preservation of hadrosaur skin is related to the arrangement of the layers composing it. 相似文献
19.
Endomorphin 1 (EM1), an endogenous µ‐opioid receptor agonist, acts as a free radical scavenger in vitro and an antioxidant in vivo. The modification of EM1 by ROS and the properties of the OM attracted our attention. In vitro assays were performed via RP‐HPLC, spectrophotometric measurements, EPR and amino acid analysis, Schmorl's reaction to define the formation of melanin‐like compounds transformed from EM1, collectively named EM1–melanin and by solubility assay, radioligand‐binding assay, NADH oxidation, superoxide anion scavenging assay to study some physical and chemical properties of EM1–melanin. Possible pathways of the formation of EM1–melanin were proposed. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
鸟苷三磷酸环化水解酶 (GTP cyclohydrolase,Gch)是具有GTP-cyclohydro结构域的蛋白酶,广泛存在于脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中。哺乳动物和鸟类中只具有Gch1,硬骨鱼类和两栖动物中Gch1存在旁系同源的Gch2和Gch3,且功能存在差异。Gch是以鸟苷三磷酸为底物,最终形成四氢生物蝶呤(tetrahydrobiopterin,BH4)的限速酶,而BH4是芳香族氨基酸羟化酶必须的辅助因子,参与多种激素和神经递质的合成。Gch是催化各种蝶呤生物合成的起始步骤,例如皮肤色素、眼色素、甲氨蝶呤、叶黄酸和BH4等,在体内一系列生理病理过程中发挥重要作用。Gch的生理功能与BH4的生物合成有着不可分割的联系,作为BH4生物合成的唯一限速酶,其活性可作为神经元和色素细胞的发育指示物,也是研究色素形成和神经递质生物合成的重要标志。目前,Gch在肿瘤和心血管等疾病的发病机制方面已获得广泛关注和解析,而色素合成和体色调控的作用研究多集中在昆虫方面,在硬骨鱼类中较少。因此,本文将重点对Gch基因、蛋白质、功能以及在鱼类体色方面中的作用进行总结归纳,对深入分析Gch在鱼类体色形成中的作用及后期鱼类体色改良具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献