Polyethylene Glycol-induced Uptake of Bacteria into Yeast Protoplasts

Cells of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii and the unicellular cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans were introduced into protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Factors influencing the uptake frequency were examined, and experimental conditions were established for maximizing the uptake frequency. Under optimal conditions, each protoplast took-up a few bacterial cells. Electron-microscopic studies showed the localization of integrated bacterial cells in membrane-bound vesicles of the cytoplasm or large vacuoles. The protoplasts at the intermediate stages of uptake revealed two major mechanisms of uptake: (a) “endocytosis” by a single protoplast and (b) “cell fusion” between two or more protoplasts. Some bacterial cells disintegrated during the subsequent incubation period through a heterophagy-like process.     

松口蘑(Tricholoma matsutake)菌塘土壤可培养细菌多样性

松口蘑(Tricholoma matsutake)也称松茸,是具有重要经济和药用价值的野生食用菌,菌塘是其子实体发生发育的场所。本文采用土壤平板稀释技术研究了云南省6份松口蘑菌塘土壤可培养细菌,共获得了178条细菌的16S r DNA碱基序列,经分析分别属于4个门、18个属、38个OTUs,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)序列占58.43%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占26.40%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占10.67%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占4.49%,其中厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)占24.72%,变形菌门的伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)占21.34%,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占11.24%,拟杆菌门的金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)占10.67%。云南松口蘑菌塘土壤可培养细菌的多样性较为丰富。     

Enzymatic characterization of an extracellular glucoamylase from Tricholoma matsutake and its cloning and secretory expression in Pichia pastoris

ABSTRACT

A glucoamylase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake (TmGLA) was purified 33.2-fold to homogeneity as a single monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 63.9 kDa. Maximum activity was observed at 60°C and pH 5.0. The enzyme is active down to 50°C and in the pH range of 4.0–6.0, and its activity is strongly inhibited by Ag⁺. It degrades α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in various polysaccharides. Its gene (TmGlu1) was cloned using information from the enzyme’s internal amino acid sequences and the whole genome sequence of T. matsutake NBRC 30605. The deduced amino acid sequence showed clear homology with those of GH family 15 proteins. Pichia pastoris transformed with TmGlu1 secreted the active enzyme in a glycosylated form, and its characteristics were the same as the native enzyme.     

云南松茸产区出菇及其气象因子分析

在云南松茸产区楚雄州、保山市、迪庆州各设置一个固定样方监测点,观察和监测松茸出菇情况,并在样方内设置自动气象观测仪监测和记录气象因子及其变化。通过监测数据发现三个监测点的出菇开始时间和出菇高峰存在差异。其中迪庆州叶日监测点的出菇时间早且相对集中,呈现1个集中爆发式的出菇高峰 而保山市海棠和楚雄州芹菜塘两个监测点的情况基本一致,即出菇时间相对较晚但周期长,有3个出菇小高峰。松茸子实体的菌盖、菌柄和高度与生长天数各自存在一定的非线性函数关系。通过对比分析三个研究点的气象因子差异,及其对出菇和子实体生长的影响发现：三点间出菇前和出菇日的温度基本一致,高温缩短子实体的存活时间,土壤温度可能是影响出菇的关键因素。     

四川松茸内生细菌群落结构与多样性

为了解松茸的内生细菌群落结构与多样性,以采自四川7个松茸主产区的14个松茸样品为材料,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析其内生细菌的群落结构与多样性差异.结果表明： 各个产区松茸样品的内生细菌群落结构与多样性存在明显差异.但采自相近地点、相似环境的松茸样品内生细菌群落结构相似性较高;样品的丰度范围为15～25,多样性指数依次为盐源＞冕宁＞会东＞木里＞雅江＞盐边＞小金;条带回收测序构建的系统发育树显示,松茸内生细菌种群丰富,各个产区松茸优势种群存在一定的差异,但假单胞菌属、爱文菌属、芽孢杆菌属在所有样品中均有分布,而且都占据一定的优势地位.产碱杆菌属与鞘氨醇杆菌属在大部分样品中为优势种群;而杜擀氏菌属、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属在特定样品中为优势种群.表明松茸内生细菌具有丰富的多样性,研究结果可为筛选促进松茸生长的内生菌提供依据.     

Tricholoma matsutake in a natural Pinus densiflora forest: correspondence between above- and below-ground genets, association with multiple host trees and alteration of existing ectomycorrhizal communities

Tricholoma matsutake (matsutake) is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus that produces economically important mushrooms in Japan. Here, we use microsatellite markers to identify genets of matsutake sporocarps and below-ground ECM tips, as well as associated host genotypes of Pinus densiflora. We also studied ECM fungal community structure inside, beneath and outside the matsutake fairy rings, using morphological and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) polymorphism analysis. Based on sporocarp samples, one to four genets were found within each fairy ring, and no genetic differentiation among six sites was detected. Matsutake ECM tips were only found beneath fairy rings and corresponded with the genotypes of the above-ground sporocarps. We detected nine below-ground matsutake genets, all of which colonized multiple pine trees (three to seven trees per genet). The ECM fungal community beneath fairy rings was species-poor and significantly differed from those inside and outside the fairy rings. We conclude that matsutake genets occasionally establish from basidiospores and expand on the root systems of multiple host trees. Although matsutake mycelia suppress other ECM fungi during expansion, most of them may recover after the passage of the fairy rings.     

The (oxalato)aluminate complex as an antimicrobial substance protecting the “shiro” of Tricholoma matsutake from soil micro-organisms

Tricholoma matsutake, a basidiomycete, forms ectomycorrhizas with Pinus densiflora as the host tree. Its fruiting body, “matsutake” in Japanese, is an edible and highly prized mushroom, and it grows in a circle called a fairy ring. Beneath the fairy ring of T. matsutake, a whitish mycelium-soil aggregated zone, called “shiro” in Japanese, develops. The front of the shiro, an active mycorrhizal zone, functions to gather nutrients from the soil and roots to nourish the fairy ring. Bacteria and sporulating fungi decrease from the shiro front, whereas they increase inside and outside the shiro front. Ohara demonstrated that the shiro front exhibited antimicrobial activity, but the antimicrobial substance has remained unidentified for 50 years. We have identified the antimicrobial substance as the (oxalato)aluminate complex, known as a reaction product of oxalic acid and aluminum phosphate to release soluble phosphorus. The complex protects the shiro from micro-organisms, and contributes to its development.     

松口蘑深层发酵工艺的研究

对松口蘑深层发酵工艺进行系统研究。通过正交试验初步确定松口蘑适宜的培养基组成 :玉米粉 30g,葡萄糖 1 0g ,豆饼粉 1 0g ,玉米浆 1 0g ,KH₂ PO₄1g ,定容至 1L。适宜发酵条件 :最适生长温度为 2 5℃ ,摇瓶转速为 1 60r/min ,最适pH为 5 0 ,最适接种量为 1 0 % ,装液量 1 2 0mL/ 5 0 0mL摇瓶培养 1 0d ,菌体生物量达 1 2 94g/L。     

松茸组织分离物的rDNA-ITS序列鉴定

以采自云南丽江的松茸子实体为材料,进行组织分离后,利用一对ITS引物(ITS1-ITS4)对子实体(SR176B,SR172B)和分离物(SR176H,SR172H)进行了PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,得到了700bp左右的扩增条带,进一步对ITS序列进行同源性检索比对,结果表明SR176H与SR176B,SR172H与SR172B序列同源性均为100%,鉴定出该分离物就是松茸的纯培养物。     

新千年的挑战：第三届世界植物化感作用大会综述

新千年的挑战:第三届世界植物化感作用大会综述@孔垂华$华南农业大学热带亚热带生态研究所!广州510642