饲料蛋白质和能量水平对齐口裂腹鱼生长、体组成和蛋白质利用的影响

齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti Tchang）隶属鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科,俗称“雅鱼”,为长江上游重要经济鱼类,也是川西高原特有的冷水性鱼类。其肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,是名贵野生经济鱼类。近年来由于过度捕捞、环境污染等因素的影响,齐口裂腹鱼种群数量不断下降,分布区域日趋缩小,而随着人们生活水平的不断提高,对齐口裂腹鱼等名优水产品的需求却在不断增加。为保护和持续利用这一野生动物资源,     

水产养殖中枯草芽孢杆菌的分子鉴定

微生物种类繁多,以形态学和生理生化指标为基础的细菌鉴定较为复杂,是一项繁琐、费时的工作,对一种未知细菌的鉴定和分类,不仅需要分析多个生化指标,有时还要取决于工作人员的经验。因此迫切需要建立一些简单、方便、易于操作的分类鉴定方法对微生物进行分析,使人们在一定程度上更科学、更精确、更快速地找到分离物的分类地位。     

DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different species of Andrographis

The genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, contains several species of medicinal importance. Species, such as Andrographis alata, Andrographis echioides, Andrographis glandulosa, Andrographis lineata, Andrographis nallamalayana and Andrographis paniculata, with several bio-active compounds are being extensively used in folk medicine. However, difference of opinion exists with regard to inclusion of the species echioides into the genus Andrographis. The present study, using rbcL and matK sequences, for the first time established DNA barcodes for these six species. The nucleotide sequence of rbcL provided species-specific haplotypes for A. alata, A. lineata, and A. paniculata. Despite the differences with regard to nucleotide sequence, all the six species showed conserved amino acid sequence. However, all the six species showed distinct haplotypes in nucleotide sequence of matK and facilitated the identification and discrimination of these species. The phylogenetic tree generated with combined sequence of rbcL and matK revealed grouping of all the six species into a single clade confirming the positioning of the species echioides into the genus Andrographis.     

Identification and validation of QTLs conferring resistance to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) and Rajasthan downy mildew (P. heteropogoni) in maize

We have mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi; SDM) and Rajasthan downy mildew (P. heteropogoni; RDM), two species of DM prevalent throughout India. QTL mapping was carried out on a backcross population of 151 individuals derived from a cross between CM139 (susceptible parent) and NAI116 (highly resistant to both SDM and RDM). Heritability estimates were 0.74 for SDM and 0.67 for RDM. Composite interval mapping combined with a linkage map constructed with 80 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers resulted in the identification of three QTLs (one each on chromosomes 2, 3 and 6) for SDM resistance and two QTLs (one each on chromosomes 3 and 6) for RDM resistance, all of which were contributed by NAI116. The significance of the major QTL on chromosome 6 (bin 6.05) that confers resistance to diverse DMs in tropical Asia, including SDM and RDM in India, was also verified. The results confirmed that some common QTLs contribute to both SDM and RDM resistance, while additional loci might specifically govern resistance to SDM. The QTL information generated in this study provide information that will aid in undertaking an integrated breeding strategy for the transfer of resistance to SDM and RDM in maize lines using marker-assisted selection.     

In vitro Growth and Shoot Multiplication of Achras zapota in a Controlled Carbon Dioxide Environment

The culture vessels with multiplying shoots of Achras zapota L. on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium containing 8.88 M 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) with or without sucrose were kept under varied CO₂ concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 40.0 g m^–3 using different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃), and potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) in small acrylic chambers. Complete absence of carbon source caused death of shoots within 20 d. Under elevated concentrations of CO₂ (10.0 and 40.0 g m^–3) the shoots grew photoautotrophically on sucrose-free medium. The growth of cultures was better at 40.0 g (CO₂) m^–3 than on 3.0 % sucrose under ambient air of growth room. However, the best response was obtained at 10.0 g (CO₂) m^–3 and 3.0 % sucrose where maximum number of shoots, shoot length, fresh and dry mass, total number of leaves and leaf area was observed.     

Effect of controlled carbon dioxide on in vitro shoot multiplication in Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle

The effect of controlled carbon dioxide environment on in vitro shoot growth and multiplication in Feronia limonia (a tropical fruit plant, Family- Rutaceae) was studied. Carbon dioxide available in the ambient air of the growth room was insufficient for in vitro growth of the shoots alone. Also, the presence of sucrose only as the C-source in the medium (without CO₂), was found to be inadequate for sustainable growth and multiplication of shoots. The carbon dioxide enrichment promoted shoot multiplication and overall growth. The promotory effect of CO₂ was independent of the presence of sucrose in the medium. In the presence of both CO₂ and sucrose, an additive effect was observed producing maximum shoot growth. In the absence of sucrose a higher concentration of CO₂ (10.0)g m⁻³ was required to achieve photoautotrophic shoot multiplication comparable to ambient air controls. Highest leaf area per shoot cluster promoting shoot growth and multiplication was recorded under this treatment. Shoots growing on sucrose containing medium under controlled CO₂ environment of 0.6 g m⁻³ concentration evoked better response than ambient air controls (shoots growing on sucrose containing medium) in growth room. This treatment produced the overall best response. The present study highlighted the possibility of photoautotrophic multiplication which might prove useful for successful hardening and acclimatization in tissue culture plants.     

长诏水库浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

于2010年5月、8月和11月对新昌长诏水库浮游植物群落进行了调查,运用Shannon多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Margalef丰富度指数(M)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)分析了浮游植物种群的多样性,并结合水质理化指标对长诏水库的富营养化程度及水质状况进行了综合评价.结果显示:长诏水库浮游植物有6门26属(种),其中,绿藻门10属(种),硅藻门9属(种),蓝藻门4属(种),隐藻门1属,甲藻门1属,黄藻门1属.浮游植物的丰度为5.73×105～7.73×105ind·L-1,平均为(6.71±0.81)×105 ind·L-1;生物量为0.73～1.03 mg·L-1,平均为(0.83±0.12) mg·L-1.在水平分布上,蓝藻门、硅藻门和绿藻门的丰度在各采样点中均较高;在季节分布上,硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门分别在春季、夏季、秋季占绝对优势.总体上,浮游植物丰度和生物量在水库入水口较高,出水口较低.水库浮游植物的多样性较差,水质受到较重污染,且主要为氮、磷污染;富营养化程度为中-富营养化水平.     

海南罗非鱼无乳链球菌分离鉴定及其特性研究

从海南省患暴发性疾病的罗非鱼(Tilapia)上分离出1株细菌HNLFYL4,对分离菌株进行了鉴定及致病性和药物敏感性研究.通过形态学观察和生理生化鉴定,结果显示,分离菌株为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae).对分离菌株的16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增和测序,所得序列已登录到GenBank,登录号为HQ645983,与GenBank中收录的链球菌16S rRNA 基因进行比对并构建系统进化树,结果表明,分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列与无乳链球菌同源性高达100%,进一步确定分离菌株为无乳链球菌.人工感染显示分离菌株对小白鼠和罗非鱼均具有致病性,对小白鼠的LD50为1.0×104 CFU/mL,对体重为500g±20g的罗非鱼的LD50为1.729×109CFU/mL.分离菌株对氯霉素、青霉素G、呋喃妥因等敏感,对丁胺卡那、链霉素、卡那霉素等不敏感.     

Synergistic effect of morphactin on cytokinin-induced production of isoflavonoids in cell cultures of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex. Willd.) DC

Isoflavonoids, the functional molecules of Fabaceae, are under clinical trials against cancer, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the efficacy of different plant growth regulators was evaluated for optimizing the production of isoflavonoids in Pueraria tuberosa. The cultures were maintained in Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 0.1 mg l⁻¹ 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ kinetin. The addition of 5.0 mg l⁻¹ N⁶-(2-Isopentenyl) adenine (2iP) resulted in about ∼32-folds increase in production of isoflavonoids, while about ∼23-folds increase was recorded in the absence of kinetin in the maintenance medium. A maximum yield of isoflavonoids (∼80 mg l⁻¹; 82-folds increase) was obtained in cultures grown at 0.1 mg l⁻¹ morphactin and 5.0 mg l⁻¹ of 2iP. However, 2,4,5-T in combination with 2iP was ineffective for their production. Among different plant growth regulators tested, maximum yields of puerarin, genistin, daidzein and genistein were 17.4, 15.9, 69.0 and 0.04 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The study suggested that the presence of two cytokinins or 2iP with morphactin in the culture medium markedly enhanced the production of isoflavonoids in P. tuberosa.     

Prevalence and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii in goats slaughtered for human consumption in the semi-arid of northeastern Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and factors associated with infection in goats, and to isolate protozoan strains in tissue samples from seropositive goats that were destined for human consumption in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 229 slaughtered goats were tested using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), with a cutoff point of 1:64. Epidemiological questionnaires were applied to the producers, to acquire information about the sanitary management used in their herds. Tissue samples from the animals were collected during slaughter, in order to perform bioassays in mice. The seroprevalence found was 21.39% (49/229), with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:32,768. The municipalities of origin, Patos (OR: 3.047; CI: 1.384–6.706) and Sousa (OR: 3.355; CI: 1.536–7.327), were considered to be factors associated with infection by T. gondii. Thirty-eight bioassays were performed in mice, using tissues from seropositive goats, with an isolation rate of 50% (19/38). There was no correlation between isolation rate and antibody titers. Only one mouse died, at 30 days post-infection, which demonstrated that the strains isolated had low virulence towards mice. It was concluded that there is high seroprevalence in goats in northeastern Brazil, as well as a high percentage of viable tissue cysts in slaughtered animals destined for human consumption. These results demonstrate that there is an imminent one health problem relating to toxoplasmosis, especially in the most populous municipalities in the study (Patos and Sousa), which were identified as factors associated with T. gondii infection in goats.