稻-鸭农作系统对稻田生物种群的影响

通过田间试验,研究了稻-鸭农作系统对稻田有关生物种群的影响.结果表明：稻鸭共育对稻田相关昆虫、杂草、病原菌等有害生物的发生和危害及天敌数量具有较大影响.与不养鸭相比,稻鸭共育后12 d和42 d, 水稻基部害虫飞虱及叶蝉的数量平均减少64.8%和78.5%;稻鸭共育后15 d和45 d,稻田杂草平均减少67.7%和98.1%;水稻分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数分别降低了40.4%和62.0%.稻鸭共育还增加了稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛的数量,抑制了水稻害虫的危害.     

应用间接排序识别盐沼植被的光谱特征:以崇明东滩为例

遥感技术已成为大尺度植被分类的重要手段,而地面植物群落特征与其光谱特征之间的关系是解译遥感影像的关键。该研究选择上海崇明东滩自然保护区的盐沼植物群落为对象,应用ASD地物光谱仪测定其植物群落的光谱反射率,并采用10个小型机载成像光谱仪(CASI)默认植被波段组,应用主分量分析法和相关分析分析了不同群落光谱特征与生态环境因子之间的关系。分析结果表明,间接排序法PCA能够识别盐沼植被中光滩、海三棱 草(Scirpus mariqueter)群落、芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)等群落的光谱特征,绝大多数盐沼湿地植物群落组成与光谱特征之间有显著的相关,识别效果最好的波段组是736~744 nm、746~753 nm、775~784 nm、815~824 nm和860~870 nm;对光谱反射率影响最大的生态环境因子分别是植物群落的高度和盖度,高程和其它环境因子的影响次之。研究成果可为遥感监测崇明东滩自然保护区内入侵种互花米草的空间分布和扩散规律提供技术支撑,为高光谱遥感影像的影像判读和解译分类以及盐沼湿地植被制图提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省森林植被碳储量及其动态变化

黑龙江省的森林资源在全国森林资源中占有较为重要的位置.利用我国第一次(1973～1976年)至第六次(1999～2003年)森林资源清查资料,以及不同树种生物量和蓄积量之间的线性关系,对黑龙江省近30年来森林碳储量进行了求和推算.结果表明,黑龙江省6次森林资源清查中森林的总碳储量分别是7.916×10⁸ t、.413×10⁸ t、.661×10⁸ t、.880×10⁸ t、6.216×10⁸ t和6.011×10⁸ t,总体呈先下降后上升的趋势,说明30年间黑龙江省的森林是CO₂的"汇";特别是1977～1981年后,黑龙江省森林碳储量呈逐渐上升趋势,说明近20年来黑龙江省森林CO₂"汇"的作用在增强.如果对现有森林进行更好地抚育和管理,黑龙江省森林作为CO₂"汇"的潜力很大.     

Measuring and modelling the radiation balance of a heterogeneous shrubland

The accurate quantification of the energy available for sensible and latent heat transfer from plant canopies is essential for the prediction of impacts of climate on vegetation water use and growth. Unlike agricultural fields and extensive forests of more humid zones, vegetation growing in semi‐arid climates is usually sparse creating a heterogeneous surface of shrubs, annuals and bare soil. Under these conditions many of the assumptions of the basic equations used in microclimatology, which assume a uniform vegetated surface, may be violated. It is proposed here that heterogeneous canopies may require a formulation of their energy balance that includes a measure of the canopy complexity in order to both interpret field measurements and be used in predictive models. This paper explores the need for a more complex formulation of the vegetation energy balance through a series of experiments on a sparse clumped shrubland of Retama sphaerocarpa in the Tabernas Desert, Almería, south‐east Spain. These experiments investigated the importance of the radiative properties of each surface on energy balance of soil, annuals and shrubs individually, and the surface as a whole. The study evaluated the use of the fractional vegetative cover (f) and the radiative characteristics of each surface (reflection coefficients and emissivities) for calculating net radiation partitioning between shrubs and bare soil. Results indicated that partitioning of net radiation between components could be accurately calculated from values of fractional vegetative cover, reflection coefficients and emissivities for both bare soil and plant surfaces. A sensitivity analysis showed the importance of specific radiation properties of each surface. Measurements of horizontal long‐wave fluxes between components showed that the location of a plant with respect to other plants made little difference to its long‐wave energy balance. The results also emphasized the importance of soil water content on the energy balance, through its influence on albedo and soil heat storage. This was particularly true when measurements of soil heat flux were used to measure the available energy for soil under shrubs and bare soil because of strong hysteresis cycles. These cycles were larger in the bare soil than in the substrate under shrubs.     

Carbon storage and root penetration in deep soils under small-farmer land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon region,Brazil

The north-east of Pará state in the Eastern Amazon of Brazil was settled over 100 years ago. Today the region is an agricultural landscape with variously-aged secondary vegetation and fields with annual cultures, plantation crops and pastures. The effect of these different land covers on carbon sequestration as well as on water and nutrient extraction remain subject of debate. Therefore, we assessed the importance of land use on soil carbon stocks by measuring various C fractions and root biomass (0–6 m) in slash-and-burn systems and (semi-) permanent cultures. An extensive root system down to at least 6 m depth was present under various secondary vegetation stands and slashed and burned fields recently taken into cultivation as well as under a primary forest. Shallower rooting patterns were evident under (permanent) oil palm (4.5 m) and (semi-permanent) passion fruit plantations (2.5 m). Carbon storage in soils of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture up to 6 m depth (185 t ha^-1) was not significantly lower than under a primary forest (196 t ha^-1) but declined significantly under (semi-) permanent cultures (to 146–167 t ha^-1). Compared to above-ground C losses, soil C losses due to slash-and-burn agriculture may thus be small. This is an argument for maintaining the secondary vegetation as part of the agricultural land-use system, as the root system of its trees is conserved and thus C is sequestered also at greater depth.     

Last glacial maximum biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from northern Eurasia

Pollen and plant macrofossil data from northern Eurasia were used to reconstruct the vegetation of the last glacial maximum (LGM: 18,000 ± 2000 ¹⁴C yr bp ) using an objective quantitative method for interpreting pollen data in terms of the biomes they represent ( Prentice et al., 1996 ). The results confirm previous qualitative vegetation reconstructions at the LGM but provide a more comprehensive analysis of the data. Tundra dominated a large area of northern Eurasia (north of 57°N) to the west, south and east of the Scandinavian ice sheet at the LGM. Steppe‐like vegetation was reconstructed in the latitudinal band from western Ukraine, where temperate deciduous forests grow today, to western Siberia, where taiga and cold deciduous forests grow today. The reconstruction shows that steppe graded into tundra in Siberia, which is not the case today. Taiga grew on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov, about 1500 km south of its present limit in European Russia. In contrast, taiga was reconstructed only slightly south of its southern limit today in south‐western Siberia. Broadleaved trees were confined to small refuges, e.g. on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, where cool mixed forest was reconstructed from the LGM data. Cool conifer forests in western Georgia were reconstructed as growing more than 1000 m lower than they grow today. The few scattered sites with LGM data from the Tien‐Shan Mountains and from northern Mongolia yielded biome reconstructions of steppe and taiga, which are the biomes growing there today.     

Plant diversity patterns in the Aljibe Mountains (S. Spain): a comprehensive account

The Aljibe Mountains are located in the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and have a remarkable biogeographical interest. The complete plant species list (trees, climbers, shrubs, perennial and annual herbs, ferns, lichens, bryophytes and macroscopic algae) was recorded in four 0.1 ha plots from each of the most representative community types (Quercus suber woodland, Q. canariensis forest, open heathland and Q. coccifera shrubland). Up to 119 plant species were found in total in the Q. suber woodland plot. The diversity of woody plants was analysed from 44 samples of cover (100 m line), and the herbaceous layer was explored in 200 quadrats (of 0.5 × 0.5 m). Three biodiversity components (species richness, endemism, and taxonomic singularity) were evaluated in both shrub and herbaceous layers. Open heathlands showed the highest richness of endemic species, both woody and herbaceous. The highest number of woody species was found in the evergreen Q. suber woodland, and of herbaceous species in the semi-deciduous Q. canariensis woodland. Taxonomic singularity was higher in Q. canariensis woodlands and Q. coccifera shrublands for woody species, but there were no significant differences in the herbaceous layer. Local species diversity of heathlands in this region resembles that of South African heathlands (fynbos), despite the obvious geographic and floristic distance, and contrasts with the low diversity of biogeographically closer, European temperate heathlands. The Aljibe Mountains show high diversity values for different life forms (from trees to mosses) and spatial scales (from community to region), and are rich in endemic species. Thus, this area should be recognised as a relevant unit within the Mediterranean plant diversity hot spots.     

山东省不同植被区内野生植物根围AM菌的生态分布

ＡＭ菌是土壤习居菌 ,生态适应性强 ,可发生在各种生态环境。寄主范围也十分广泛 ,除少量植物如莎草科、苋科、灯心草科、藜科、石竹科等 2 0余科植物不能或不易形成ＡＭ外 ,大多数植物包括苔藓、蕨类、裸子植物、被子植物都能被菌根菌侵染。当前人们十分重视对野生植物上ＡＭ菌的调查[3 ,4 ,1 0 ,1 1 ,1 4 ]。研究发现 ,野生植物上可能有比栽培作物更多的ＡＭ菌种类[1 ]。我国野生植物资源丰富 ,开发和利用野生寄主植物上的ＡＭ菌潜力巨大。由于ＡＭ菌对寄主植物的选择性及对环境条件的适应性不同 ,或进化过程中的历史原因 ,造成了自然生态…     

山西霍山森林植被垂直带的定量划分(英文)

 用计算边缘效应和聚合分析的方法,对山西霍山东西两坡每100m的海拔取样区进行计测和聚合分析,确定其交错区。依据交错区及聚合分析结果,将霍山暖温带阔叶林植被定量划分为5个垂直带和3个亚带：农田灌丛带、低山针叶林带、典型阔叶林亚带、针阔叶混交林亚带、小叶林亚带、山地矮曲林带和亚高山草甸带。