Life History Studies on the Genus Trillium (Liliaceae) V. Reproductive Biology and Survivorship of Three Declinate-flowered Species

Absract Three pedicellate-declinate-flowered species of Trillium (Liliaceae), T. vaseyi and T. flexipes , were studied for their life history characteristics, e.g., stage class structures of natural populations and reproductive features, including energy allocation to reproductive activities. The populations structures of all three species showed similar depletion structures characterized by a conspicuous decrease of individuals in the small juvenile stages, as was also observed in pedicellate-erect-flowered Trillium species However, with respect to reproductive characteristics, these three declinate-flowered species showed different features from erect-flowered species, although they belong to the same pedicellate-flowered group. That is, these declinate-flowered Trillium species exhibited low seed setting rates of 30% in T. catesbaei , 45% in T. vaseyi and 34% in T. flexipes , suggesting that they possess different mating systems from erect-flowered species which showed high seed setting rates of 50–90%.     

The ontogeny of the vascular cambium inGinkgo biloba roots

Observation was made on early ontogeny of vascular cambium in the developing root ofGinkgo biloba L. After completion of root elongation, the vascular meristem gradually acquires cambial characteristics. Strips of the periclinal division of cells in transverse section are observed on the inner side of phloem when the primary xylem and phloem in the stele have been established. The strips are united into a continuous layer between phloem and xylem. In tangenital section, the procambium shows a homogeneous structure, which is initially composed of short cells with transverse end walls and subsequently, of long cells with tapering ends. Then, the procambium is organized into two systems of cells; axial strands of short cells with transverse end walls resulting from the sporadic transverse divisions of long cells, and long cells with tapering ends. Still later, the short cells are divided frequently in a trasverse plane exhibiting one or a few cells in width and several decades of cells in height, while the long cells are elongated. The frequency of transverse divisions of the short cells decreases in subsequent stages. Eventually, the short cells in axial strands are vertically separated from one another by the elongation of neighboring long cells and by the decrease in the frequency of transverse divisions of short cells themselves. Cambial initials occur in two forms; ray initials a few cells in height and one cell in width derived from the short cells, and fusiform initials with tapering ends derived from the long cells.     

The structure and cytochemistry of the pistil of Hypericum calycinum: the style

Summary A typical style of Hypericum calycinum is solid with a core of transmitting tissue traversing the whole length of the style. This transmitting tissue consists of loosely arranged cells and large intercellular spaces filled with a secretion product. The secretion product is rich in lipids, but poor in proteins and polysaccharides. The intercellular spaces of the transmitting tissue originate partly by a separation of cells as a result of the decomposition of the middle lamella and partly by degeneration of some of the cells of the transmitting tissue. H. calycinum is self-compatible. Both self- and cross-pollinations result in profuse pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth through the style. The data on Hypericum is discussed in relation to information available on other solidstyled systems.     

樗蚕丝腺5SrRNA的核苷酸顺序

本文用凝胶直读法、末端鉴定法等相配合,测定了樗蚕(Philosamia cynthia)絲腺5SrRNA的核苷酸顺序:AGACAACGUCCAUACCACGUUGAAAACACCGGUUCUCGUCCGAUCACCGAAGUCAAGCAACGUCGGGCGCGGUCAGUACUUGGAUGGGUGACCGCCUGGGAACACCGCGUGCUGUUGGCUU比较了樗蚕、蓖麻蚕、柞蚕、家蚕、果蝇等5SrRNA结构差异,在分子水平上探讨了昆虫的分化。     

Fate of sperm tail components after incorporation into the hamster egg

The changes in the cytoplasmic organelles of sperm tail in golden hamster eggs fertilized in vivo were observed by electron microscopy. Eggs were obtained from oviducts of hamsters that had been superovulated and inseminated by injection of cauda epididymal spermatozoa into the uteri. In the egg cytoplasm 10 hours after insemination, some of the mitochondria of the spermatozoon midpiece had begun to swell, and a number of multivesicular bodies were observed surrounding the midpiece. The fibrous sheath of the principal piece quickly disappeared prior to the first cleavage, whereas the axoneme and outer dense fibers were unaltered. During the two-cell stage, numerous multivesicular bodies gathered around the midpiece and fused with the mitochondria. The heterophagic vacuoles thus formed then gradually separated from the axial fibers. The outer dense fibers were disarranged and partially torn into small segments; then they seemed to dissociate into substructural granular components. The axonemal microtubules had begun to swell but were still present in the two blastomeres. It is indicated from these observations that at least the mitochondria of the tail constituents carried into the oocyte are digested into small molecular elements by the multivesicular bodies and are possibly distributed as nutrients for the blastomeres during the early stage of development.     

The structure and phenology of a moist deciduous forest in the Central Indian Highlands

The vegetation structure and phenology of a 74.5 ha block of moist deeiduous forest in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India were investigated during primatological fieldwork. Within a grid of 0.25 ha quadrats all 9935 trees (woody plants > 2 m tall), of 63 species, were enumerated and their girth measured. The forest was dominated by the dipterocarp sal (Shorea robusta). Most species were rare and showed clumped distributions within the sea of sal whilst the dispersion of five large canopy trees could not be distinguished from random.The phenology of 215 trees, of 61 species, was monitored over 14 months using an index of phytophase abundance. Leaf renewal was highly synchronous between and within species, mostly occurring between February and June. One species was evergreen, 5 were semi-evergreen and 55 were deciduous. Flowering generally occurred between leaf fall and flush whilst fruiting peaked late in the hot weather and early monsoon.     

Structure and floristic composition of the lowland rain forest of Los Tuxtlas,Mexico

Physiognomy, structure and floristic composition of one hectare of lowland tropical rain forest was studied in detail at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Physiognomically, the Los Tuxtlas forest should be classified as lowland tropical high evergreen rain forest. The forest showed a closed canopy at 30–35 m. Of all woody, non-climbing species with a DBH1.0 cm 89.4% (94.5% of all individuals) were evergreen, 25.4% (59.5% of the individuals) had compound leaves, and over 80% of species (and individuals) had leaves in the notophyll and mesophyll size classes. The forest structure was characterized by a low density (2976 individuals with a DBH1.0 cm, 346 individuals with a DBH10.0 cm, per ha, excluding vines) with an average basal area (38.1 m², DBH1.0 cm, 34.9 m², DBH10.0 cm, per ha, excluding vines). This was attributed to the relative maturity of the forest on the study plot. The study plot contained 234 species (11 208 individuals with a height 0.5 m), of which 55.1% (34.8% of individuals) were trees, 9.4% (6.8%) shrubs, 3.4% (44.3%) palms, 20.1% (5.2%) vines, 6.8% (8.7%) herbs and 5.1% (0.3%) of unknown lifeform. Furthermore, 58 species of epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes were found. Diversity of trees, shrubs and palms with a DBH1.0 cm was calculated as Shannon-Wiener index (4.65), Equitability index (0.65), and Simpson index (0.10). The dominance-diversity curve showed a lognormal form, characteristic for tropical rain forest. The community structure was characterized by a relative dominance of Astrocaryum mexicanum in the understorey, Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria in the middle storeys, and Nectandra ambigens in the canopy. Species population structures of 31 species showed three characteristic patterns, differentiated by recruitment: continuously high, discontinuously high, and continuously low recruitment. Height/diameter and crown cover/diameter diagrams suggested a very gradual shift from height growth to crown growth during tree development. Forest turnover was calculated as 138 years. Compared to other tropical rain forests the Los Tuxtlas forest had 1. similar leaf physiognomical characteristics, 2. a lower diversity, 3. a lower density, 4. an average basal area, and 5. a slow canopy turnover.     

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) neuropeptide Y.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been isolated from brain extracts of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and subjected to structural analyses. Plasma desorption mass spectroscopy estimated the molecular mass of the purified peptide as 4303.9 Da. Automated Edman degradation unequivocally established the sequence of a 36 amino acid residue peptide as: Tyr-Pro-Pro-Lys-Pro-Glu-Asn-Pro-Gly-Glu-Asp-Ala-Pro-Pro-Glu-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Leu-Ile-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr. The molecular mass calculated from this sequence (4304 Da) is consistent with that obtained by mass spectroscopy. The presence of a C-terminal amide was established by radioimmunoassay. Rainbow trout NPY is identical in primary structure to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) pancreatic polypeptide (PP). These data may indicate that, in this group of salmonid fishes, a single member of the NPY/PP peptide family is expressed in both neurons and peripheral endocrine cells.     

Morphological dispersion of introduced Hawaiian finches: evidence for competition and a Narcissus effect

Summary Morphological analyses were conducted on finch species introduced to Oahu, Hawaii. As many as 25 species of finches representing four families (Emberizidae, Fringillidae, Ploecidae, Estrildidae) have been introduced to Oahu. Of these, 15 species currently have established wild populations. When compared with pools of 25 and 23 species introduced to Oahu, the 15 surviving species are morphologically overdispersed. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that competition has influenced the outcome of these introductions. We also tested the hypothesis that surviving introduced finches in one habitat (sugarcane fields) were morphologically overdispersed. When the seven surviving finch species found in sugarcane were compared with the pools of 25 and 23 species, they too were morphologically overdispersed. However, when the seven sugarcane species were compared with a species pool consisting of only the surviving 15 species found across Oahu, they were not morphologically overdispersed. This result suggests that morphological analyses of community structure based only on comparisons of assemblages of surviving species may be biased by a Narcissus effect.