农牧交错区面临的问题及其解决的途径——以内蒙古多伦县为例

对农牧交错区典型地段内蒙古多伦县存在的问题及解决途径进行了研究．结果表明,产业结构不合理。要求多伦必须走压缩一产(主要指规模)提高二产和鼓励发展三产的经济发展道路,并着重提高生产效益．土地利用结构不合理,要求必须减少耕地面积,扩大林地、草地面积．在资源利用上,应着重抓好水资源的合理利用,发挥农牧区资源互补的优势,发展高效益、集约型的农牧业．     

Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone

The importance of seedling establishment to the position ofalpine-treeline is recognized, yet little is known about factorsaffecting the survival of seedlings of treeline conifers during their initialyears of growth and establishment. This establishment period may have thegreatest mortality of all life stages until death of mature trees by disease orfire. Spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution and survival ofseedlings of Picea engelmannii and Abieslasiocarpa were evaluated over four years in analpine-treeline ecotone of the Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA. Seedlings andsaplings of both species occurred most frequently near islands of adult trees.For P. englemannii, this appeared partly due to decreasedsurvivorship of young seedlings (< 5 cm height) with greaterdistance away from tree islands. Survival of emergents of P.engelmannii was 28% greater on the north compared to southsides of tree islands, 48% lower on south-facing slopes comparedto other aspects, and 70% greater with overhead cover such as treebranches. Survival of emergents was greater in microsites with grass cover(90% survival) compared to without ground cover (44% survival),but lowest in microsites surrounded, but not covered, by grass (19%).From 1994–1999, natural seedling emergence and survival washighest in 1995 (80% survival of 221 P.engelmannii,and 100% of seven A. lasiocarpa, in a sample areaof432 m²), when the smallest mean difference in dailymaximum and minimum temperatures occurred, and lowest in 1994 (30% ofseven P. engelmannii), when above-averagetemperatures were accompanied by low rainfall and clear skies. The growthseasons of 1994 and 1995 had among the lowest and highest precipitation of theprevious 30-year period, respectively. In an artificial seedingexperiment, less than 20% of seedlings of both species survived theirfirst complete year of growth. In the autumn of the second year, almost25% additional mortality was observed in the remaining experimentalseedlings when they were exposed to clear, cold skies without the normalprotection of snowcover. Both spatial and temporal patterns of seedlingsurvivalsuggest that exposure to high sunlight may exacerbate low-temperatureandwater stress in young conifer seedlings, inhibiting their establishment in thisalpine treeline.     

南京市城乡交错带景观格局研究

依据景观生态学理论,选取典型样区,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下。分析了南京市城乡交错带的景观生态特征．结果表明。东部样区以景观多样性、优势度和破碎度较低为基本特征。林地等自然嵌块体的面积和平均周长较大,而平均分维数、平均伸长指数和分离度较低,菜地和水田嵌块体的平均面积也高于南部样区;南部样区景观多样性及优势度高,嵌块体数目多,景观破碎化较严重。居民点及工矿用地和水域的密度高、总面积及周长大。居民点及工矿用地和道路的平均面积也较高．探讨了两个样区嵌块体面积与分维数、嵌块体数目之间的关系,指出城乡交错带不同类型嵌块体景观特征及生态意义．     

毛乌素沙地柠条群体分子生态学 初步研究：RAPD证据

毛乌素沙地柠条群体是一个杂种带。为了进一步阐明分子变异和基因流与生境或生态过渡带的联系,应用ＲＡＰＤ标记开展了柠条群体的分子生态学研究。根据ＲＡＰＤ数据利用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ信息指数估计了６个柠条群体的遗传多样性,发现大部分的分子变异存在于柠条群体之内（８２．４％）,只有少部分的分子变异存在于群体之间（１７．６％）。又利用Ｎｅｉ指数统计了ＲＡＰＤ数据,也证实了大部分的遗传变异存在于群体之内。柠条锦鸡儿群体与中间锦鸡儿群体的遗传分化系数和遗传距离都很小。以上结果都肯定了柠条群体间和种间的基因流动。无论是从多态位点比率还是群体的遗传多样性来看,硬梁和硬梁覆沙群体是最小的,滩地覆沙群体则具有较高的水平。某些ＲＡＰＤ扩增片段的频率在柠条群体间有规律的变化也许具有着特殊的生态学意义,更可能是中性突变的随机固定。根据以上研究可以得出下列结论：①通过比较Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数和Ｎｅｉ指数的统计结果,可以认为,对于异交植物来讲,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数在统计ＲＡＰＤ数据方面有用。②毛乌素沙地柠条群体之间存在着强大的基因流,物种的杂交性与生态过渡性一致     

Bioclimatology of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Eastern Alps: spatial and altitudinal climatic signals identified through a tree-ring network

Aim To identify the dominant spatial patterns of Fagus sylvatica radial growth in the Eastern Alps, and to understand their relationships to climate variation and bioclimatic gradients. Location Fourteen beech stands in the Eastern Alps, growing between 200 and 1500 m a.s.l. in Italy, Slovenia and Austria. Methods At each site, trees were sampled using increment borers or by taking discs from felled trees. Cores and discs were processed by measuring and crossdating ring width. Ring width series were standardized, averaged, and prewhitened to obtain site chronologies. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Components Analysis of prewhitened site chronologies were used to identify spatial and altitudinal growth patterns, related to the bioclimatic position of each stand. Bootstrap correlation and response functions were computed between monthly climatic variables and either principal component scores or composite chronologies from stands associated by HCA. The stability of dendroclimatic signals was analyzed by moving correlation functions (MCF). Correlation analysis (teleconnections) based on a data base of 37 Italian and Slovenian beech tree‐ring chronologies revealed the spatial extent of principal component scores. Results Sampled trees were 200–400 years old, representing the oldest beech trees that have been crossdated for the Alps to date. Maximum age was directly related to altitude and to the presence of historical forms of conservation. Tree‐ring parameters varied according to geographic patterns and the age of sampled trees. Stands were bioclimatically organized according to their location, and with reference to their elevation and distance from the Adriatic Sea. A direct response to winter temperature was found at all elevations. The altitudinal gradient ranged from low‐elevation stands, characterized by a Mediterranean‐type, late spring–summer drought signal, to mountain and high‐elevation stands, characterized by a direct response to growing season temperature plus an inverse response to the previous year’s July temperature. The mountain and high‐elevation signal was evident in Austria, the Central Alps and Slovenia, while the low‐elevation signal was confined to mountains adjacent to the Adriatic Sea. MCF revealed trends in the response to climatic factors affecting tree‐ring formation in mountain and high‐mountain stands linked to climatic warming. Main conclusions Dendroclimatic networks can be used for bioclimatic studies of tree populations. A biogeographical separation emerged between the Alps and the Apennines at the upper elevations, while different degrees of mediterraneity distinguished sites at lower elevations. This information will be useful in assessing any future climate‐related bioclimatic shifts, especially for forests at ecotones and along altitudinal gradients.     

北方农牧交错带农村居民食物消费特征

北方农牧交错带是我国典型生态脆弱区之一,恶劣的自然环境和落后的基础条件制约着生产和消费的发展。自2000年起,当地实施了一系列生态工程措施,引导农牧民由粗放型生产经营方式向集约型转变,改善区域生态环境的同时也优化了农牧业生产格局,居民食物消费结构随之改变。由于入户跟踪调查数据较难获取,现有食物消费研究缺少长时间尺度的消费特征变化研究,且农区和牧区的对比研究较少。以赤峰和鄂尔多斯为例,采用基于随机抽样调查方法收集的食物消费面板数据,对比研究2000—2020年典型农牧交错区的食物消费类型、结构及其数量变化。结果表明：生态工程实施以来,农牧居民食物消费种类趋于多样化,但消费结构不尽合理。赤峰趋于传统农区以谷类为主的消费结构,其谷类消费正在稳步减少,其他食物类型的消费增加;鄂尔多斯表现为多粮肉、少果蔬的消费结构,兼具农牧区的消费特点,其谷类和畜肉消费的年际波动较大,体现出传统牧区粗放式经营下产出不稳定的特点。食物消费总量持续增长,截至2020年,农牧居民谷类消费偏多,肉蛋类、豆类和食用油消费较为适度,薯类和果蔬类消费不足,奶类消费涨幅虽十分突出,但仍比我国膳食标准低20倍以上,因此减少谷类消...     

Patterns of spatial distribution of phosphorus regeneration by zooplankton in a river-lake transitory zone

Studies on phosphorus regeneration by zooplankton occupying the Krutynia River - lake Kujno transitory zone showed the zone to consist of three parts. In the first one, under strong impact of river waters, P regeneration rate was low and dominated by small, pelagic rotifers. Species diversity index calculated for phosphorus regeneration was also low. In the second part, densely covered with macrophytes, the role of large-bodied littoral zooplankton in P regeneration became more important and the rate of the process and species diversity index markedly higher. The third part, a type of littoral-pelagic belt, was characterized by the highest P regeneration and species diversity index and a relatively higher contribution of pelagic forms of zooplankton to the process of phosphorus regeneration.     

天山北部山地—绿洲—过渡带—荒漠系统的生态建设与可持续农业范式

天山北部的山盆系统由山地植被垂直带系统和荒漠盆地的同心环形（地质-地貌）植被地带所构成。该系统包括：山地、山前倾斜平原和古老冲积平原3个“圈”和其下的高山带、山地森林-草原带、低山荒漠带、砾石戈壁荒漠带、农业绿洲带、扇缘灌草带、冲积平原带、沙漠带和湖泊等9个“带”。这些地带是干旱区最本质和弥足珍贵的自然资源的存和和作用方式，也是指导干旱区生态保育和土地利用的、不可违抗的大自然规律的宏观展现。在此基础上所提出的“山地-绿洲-过渡带-荒漠生态-生产范式”以山地和荒漠盆地的植被地带为框架，以贯穿和联系着这一系列环带的生物地球化学循环、生物地球物理过程和生物地球社会经济关系为驱动因素，建立起以可持续农业与生态保育为目的的、优化的土地覆盖与土地利用结构和格局。