提高大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白胞外含量的策略

大肠杆菌的蛋白质表达平台在工业和农业中得到了广泛应用,使目的蛋白质表达后释放至胞外更有利于大规模的生产。目前,已经研究出许多改善外源蛋白胞外含量的方法。本文从蛋白质分泌机制、菌株、信号肽、载体和培养条件的选择和优化改造、密码子的优化和蛋白质跨膜转运过程的改善等方面总结了提高大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白的胞外含量的各种策略,指出多因素协同作用才能更全面地提升蛋白质的胞外产量。     

Design and in silico modeling of Indoloquinoxaline incorporated keratin nanoparticles for modulation of glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The following study was done to assess the glucose utilizing efficiency of Indoloquinoxaline derivative incorporated keratin nanoparticles (NPs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Indoloquinoxaline derivative had wide range of biological activities including antidiabetic activity. In this view, Indoloquinoxaline moiety containing N, N-dimethyl (3-fluoro-6H-indolo [3,2-b] quinoxalin-6-yl) methanamine compound was designed and synthesized, and further it is incorporated into keratin nanoparticles. The formulated NPs, drug entrapment efficiency, releasing capacity, stability, and physicochemical properties were characterized by various spectral analyzer and obtained results of characterizations were confirmed the properties of NPs. The analysis of mechanism underlying the glucose utilization of NPs was examined through molecular docking with identified target, and observed in silico study reports shown strong interaction of NPs in the binding pockets of AMPK and PTP1B. Based on the in silico screening, the formulated NPs was performed for in vitro cellular viability and glucose uptake studies on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, 40 μg of NPs displayed 78.2 ± 2.76% cellular viability, and no cell death was observed at lower concentrations. Further, the concentration dependent glucose utilization was observed at different concentrations of NPs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results of NPs (40 μg) on glucose utilization have revealed eminent result 58.56 ± 4.54% compared to that of Metformin (10 μM) and Insulin (10 μM). The identified results clearly indicated that Indoloquinoxaline derivative incorporated keratin NPs significantly increased glucose utilization efficiency and protect the cells against the insulin resistance.     

大肠杆菌突变株高密度生长的多因素分析

【背景】pBHR68是表达聚-3-羟基丁酸酯(Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate,PHB)合成基因簇的高拷贝质粒,大肠杆菌K-12突变菌株S17-3在携带该质粒时生长密度高,耐低p H且在低pH条件下生长时高产可拉酸(Colanic Acid,CA)。【目的】系统探究与菌种(大肠杆菌S17-3)及质粒(pBHR68)相关的高密度生长现象的分子机理,提示PHB和CA合成代谢与高密度生长的偶联机制。【方法】解析质粒的构成、CA合成途径基因组成对高密度生长现象的影响;利用全基因组同比分析寻找可能的关键突变基因;开展转录组学分析,筛查大肠杆菌S17-3及其转化子在不同培养方式中的转录组数据,通过基因敲除实现基因功能及细胞生长状态的验证。【结果】大肠杆菌S17-3的高密度生长菌与PHB合成的操纵子的过表达以及rhsA的多位点突变相关,RcsA是CA合成与高密度生长中碳代谢流调控的关键调控蛋白。在低pH培养时,敲除可拉酸合成的关键糖基转移酶导致生物量提升;此外,大肠杆菌S17-3/pBHR68的高密度生长还可能与乳糖操纵子异常的转录调控相关,lacZ突变株高密度生长特性消失,而且无法合成可拉酸。【结论】研究分析了引起大肠杆菌S17-3高密度生长的多种因素,为大肠杆菌提高生长密度现象的进一步分析提供了重要线索,也为利用大肠杆菌S17-3的优异生理特性将其改造为寡糖合成的底盘细胞奠定了研究基础。     

V型羊毛硫肽雷可肽的抑菌机制

【背景】雷可肽(Lexapeptide)为首例V型羊毛硫肽家族化合物,具有较好的抗革兰氏阳性菌活性,对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)和表皮葡萄球菌(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis,MRSE)的抑制作用强于广泛应用的食品防腐剂乳酸链球菌素,其对pH和高温的稳定性也优于乳酸链球菌素,具有较好的应用前景。由于抑菌机制不明确,限制了雷可肽的开发应用。【目的】探究雷可肽抑菌作用特征以及作用机制,为雷可肽开发应用奠定基础。【方法】通过菌落计数法与Mg2+试验表征雷可肽抑菌动力学曲线;采用流式细胞仪和透射电子显微镜研究雷可肽在靶细胞表面的成孔性;利用高效液相色谱与基质辅助激光解吸电离的时间飞行质谱分析雷可肽处理对革兰氏阳性菌肽聚糖前体积累的影响。【结果】雷可肽在抑菌动力学上与乳酸链球菌素没有显著差别,但在更宽的Mg2+浓度范围内仍可保持抑菌活性。雷可肽处理后的细胞具有透过荧光染料的能力,生物型透射电镜观察到细胞发生破损。此外,在雷可肽作用后的细胞中检测到肽聚糖合成的前体尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸-N-乙酰胞壁酸五肽。【结论】雷可肽能够通过抑制细胞壁肽聚糖生物合成并造成细胞损伤进而获得通透性,以此来抑制革兰氏阳性菌生长。     

黄芩苷铝胁迫下产肠毒素大肠杆菌内参基因的筛选

【背景】产肠毒素大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)是导致仔猪腹泻的主要致病菌之一,黄芩苷铝对ETEC诱导的仔猪腹泻具有良好的治疗效果,但作用机制尚不明了。【目的】筛选出黄芩苷铝胁迫下ETEC中表达水平最为稳定的内参基因。【方法】采用qPCR技术测定了12个内参基因16S rRNA、mdh、recA、gapA、gyrA、gyrB、rpoA、rpoB、mdoG、dnaG、secA和fusA在不同浓度(250、500和1 000μg/mL)黄芩苷铝胁迫下培养不同时间后(4.5 h和6 h)的表达水平,并采用比较Ct值法、geNorm、BestKeeper和NormFinder软件4种方法对12个候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行评估。【结果】rpoA表达丰度适中,并在多个分析方法中表达最稳定。【结论】确定了rpoA为ETEC qPCR的最佳内参基因,此研究为后续利用qPCR法研究黄芩苷铝胁迫ETEC后目的基因功能的表达奠定了基础。     

核定位信号及其在病毒感染机制中的研究进展

核定位信号介导的蛋白入核是细胞内信号传递网络中核内外物质信息交流的重要一环,绝大多数病毒蛋白进入细胞核均需要核质转运受体识别和结合入核蛋白携带的核定位信号序列。病毒蛋白的入核转运机制在病毒感染过程中起着至关重要的作用,对于病毒的复制、毒力具有重要意义,针对该机制的研究有利于新的抗病毒靶点的发现。本文对核定位信号的分类信息进行了总结,并对不同的核质转运受体及其介导的入核机制进行了比较分析,概述了病毒入核蛋白及其核定位信号在病毒感染机制中的研究发现。     

荻草谷网蚜唾液蛋白基因Sm13498的克隆及功能分析

【目的】荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi为我国小麦Triticum aestivum主产区麦蚜优势种;Sm13498蛋白是在荻草谷网蚜唾液腺中特异表达的唾液蛋白。本研究旨在探析荻草谷网蚜功能未知的Sm13498在调节植物防御反应中的潜在作用。【方法】基于荻草谷网蚜唾液腺转录组测序数据,PCR克隆Sm13498的cDNA全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析;采用RT-qPCR测定Sm13498在取食小麦叶片不同时间的荻草谷网蚜无翅成蚜中的表达动态;通过酵母分泌系统验证Sm13498蛋白信号肽的分泌功能;利用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导在本氏烟Nicotiana benthamiana中瞬时表达技术鉴定Sm13498蛋白功能及亚细胞定位。【结果】克隆获得了荻草谷网蚜Sm13498 cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号：MW346655),开放阅读框(ORF)全长783 bp,编码260个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量28.01 kD,第1-22位氨基酸为N端信号肽。系统进化树显示,Sm13498与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的功能未知蛋白LOC100159087precursor(GenBank登录号: NP_001313548.1)亲缘关系最近(氨基酸序列一致性为71.7%)。RT-qPCR结果表明,Sm13498在荻草谷网蚜无翅成蚜取食小麦叶片12 h时表达水平达到最高。含有Sm13498信号肽片段的酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae YTK12可在YPRAA培养基正常生长,并可将无色2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)还原为不可溶的暗红色的氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTF),证实其信号肽具有分泌活性。经根癌农杆菌介导在本氏烟瞬时表达Sm13498蛋白可抑制Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein, BAX)及病原菌激发子INF1诱导的程序性细胞死亡。亚细胞定位结果表明,Sm13498-GFP融合蛋白定位于本氏烟叶片细胞膜。【结论】结果说明荻草谷网蚜唾液蛋白Sm13498可抑制植物防御反应。本研究为发掘荻草谷网蚜唾液中效应子, 深入解析麦蚜对小麦品种强适应性奠定了基础。     

Individual and sex‐related patterns of prolonged flights during both day and night by great reed warblers crossing the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara Desert

A wide variety of the barrier crossing strategies exist among migrating songbirds, ranging from strict nocturnal flights to non‐stop flights over a few days. We evaluate barrier crossing strategies in a nocturnally migrating songbird crossing the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert, the great reed warbler, exploring variation between the sexes and within individuals. We used data from 31 year‐round light‐level geolocators tracks from 26 individuals (13 males and 13 females), with four individuals tracked for 2–3.5 consecutive years. Almost all individuals (25 of 26) prolonged their flights into the day at least on one occasion. The mean duration of these prolonged flights was 19.9 h and did not differ between sexes or seasons. Fifteen birds performed non‐stop flights during more than one full day and night (≥ 24 h; mean = 31.9 h; max = 55 h) in autumn and/or spring, but these flights were generally too short to cross an entire barrier (such as the Sahara Desert) in one non‐stop flight. Patterns of prolonged flights showed considerable within‐individual variation in females between seasons (autumn versus spring) and in both males and females between years, suggesting high individual flexibility in migration strategy. Significantly more males than females performed prolonged flights during autumn migration, but not spring, possibly reflecting sex‐specific carry‐over effects. We conclude that great reed warblers have the ability to conduct prolonged continuous flights for up to several nights and days, which potentially would allow them to cross the Sahara Desert in one non‐stop flight. However, they typically use a mixed strategy of several nocturnal flights with intermittent stopovers in combination with 1–3 prolonged flights. Prolonged flights covered less than half (44%) of the total flight time across the barriers, and the diurnal parts of the flights covered only 18% of this time.