农田景观格局对华北地区麦田早期瓢虫种群发生的影响

【目的】评价在华北地区农田景观格局对早期麦田瓢虫种群数量的影响。【方法】本文通过黄板诱集法调查4月中下旬麦田瓢虫成虫数量,对不同空间尺度下的景观格局进行调查与主成分分析,并结合"校正后赤池信息准则(AICc)"对构建的线性模型进行筛选,评估了景观因子对瓢虫种群数量的影响。【结果】在半径0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 km 4个景观尺度下以林地为主的非作物生境均有利于麦田瓢虫成虫种群数量的增加,在较大的尺度范围内村落和休耕地与麦田瓢虫的发生数量正相关。其中,0.5 km尺度下的景观因子最能预测麦田瓢虫种群数量,其中林地面积和瓢虫种群数量呈正相关,而麦田瓢虫却随着景观多样性指数的增加而降低。此外,龟纹瓢虫作为麦田早期瓢虫的优势种类对景观多样性的响应与瓢虫复合种群一致。【结论】在华北地区,农田景观系统中非作物生境有利于麦田早期瓢虫种群的发生。     

基于生态恢复和文化回归的梯田景观格局重建--以菲律宾科迪勒拉高山水稻梯田景观复兴为例

基于菲律宾科迪勒拉梯田景观遭到严重破坏、世界文化遗产受到威胁的现状,通过分析先人建立的"水源涵养林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"结构体系以及传统文化对梯田景观格局稳定性的保护和控制,剖析隐含在高山水稻梯田景观背后的生态技术和文化格局,了解和借鉴先人智慧,结合现状生态、社会问题和地区特征,分析梯田景观恢复的需求和挑战,运用景观生态学技术手段和对传统文化的唤醒,进行采伐迹地恢复、梯田景观恢复、灌溉体系修复、对抗外来物种入侵,借鉴传统管理模式建立适应新形势的社区管理和合理的旅游规划体系,重建"森林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"的景观生态格局,促进传统文化回归,实现高山梯田景观复兴与世界文化遗产保护。     

海岛景观格局变化及其对降水截存能力的影响——以浙江象山县檀头山岛为例

在自然和人类活动的共同作用下,海岛这一特殊的景观生态系统正经历着剧烈的变化。淡水是海岛景观生态系统赖以存在的基础和关键组成部分,人类活动对海岛淡水的影响是其对海岛景观生态系统影响研究的重要课题之一。基于全岛整体性的视角,以浙江省象山县檀头山岛为例,就海岛景观格局与其降水截存能力之间的数量关系进行了探索,并提出了一个能够从整体角度快速评估海岛景观格局变化对降水损失影响的综合指数——总降雨损失率(TRLR)。结果显示,自1966—2012年,檀头山岛的TRLR呈不断升高趋势,这种趋势指示了檀头山岛淡水补给能力正逐年下降,长期下去势必会破坏海岛淡水棱镜体,并最终威胁到整个海岛景观生态系统。这一变化必须引起足够的重视,相应的景观格局优化措施应该被采取以增强檀头山岛降水截存能力,保障其景观生态系统的健康与可持续。     

大气颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)对地表景观结构的响应研究进展

颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)是近年来我国大气首要污染物,威胁环境和人类健康。地表景观结构直接或间接影响PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度,了解其影响过程和机理对于改善生态环境具有重要意义。系统总结了国内外关于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的研究成果,指出研究中出现不确定性的可能影响因素,并对今后的发展方向进行展望。得出基本结论:(1)地表景观类型的构成及其格局显著影响大气颗粒物浓度,对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)起到"源"和"汇"的作用。(2)地表景观结构引起局地气候变化并影响颗粒物的迁移转化,但其影响过程和机理复杂,研究结论并不明确。(3)颗粒物浓度和地表景观数据主要通过实际监测或遥感处理方法获得,但因为获取方法、监测点微观环境及遥感影像等因素影响,导致数据具有不确定性,加上时空尺度相对应的复杂性,大大限制了地表景观结构与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)响应关系的研究进展,是未来要突破的难点。(4)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的区域时空差异及过程,局地小气候变化对颗粒物浓度的影响过程和强度,主要景观类型尤其是水体、湿地景观对大气颗粒物浓度的影响过程、机理与贡献程度等是未来需要关注的方向。     

崖爬藤的生态生物学特征及其扦插繁殖技术

崖爬藤为葡萄科常绿或半常绿藤本,具有重要园林绿化价值。该研究采用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究其叶片的形态结构。结果表明:崖爬藤平均叶面积(23.1 cm~2)较大,单位叶面积干重(4.4 mg·cm~(-2))较小,成熟叶厚约为195.5μm,栅栏组织不发达,胞间隙大。利用便携式LI-6400光合测定仪、PAM-2100荧光测定仪对崖爬藤光合生理生态指标进行研究。结果表明:其PSⅡ的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm(0.818)较高;叶片的净光合速率日变化呈单峰型,没有明显的光合午休现象,最大净光合速率Pn为3.691μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),出现在14:00时,变化趋势与光合有效辐射Par、大气温度T、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs等因子相同,与胞间CO_2浓度Ci相反,同时具有较高的水分利用效率(3.056μmol·mmol~(-1))。这都显示了崖爬藤喜阴湿环境,不耐寒且具有一定的耐旱特性,适合栽植于我国温度较高的南方地区。此外,以崖爬藤1~2年生老枝和当年生嫩枝为材料,经梯度溶液IBA处理进行扦插生根实验,结果表明,崖爬藤扦插繁殖迅速,生根率较高,以当年生嫩枝不经IBA处理直接扦插为最佳。该研究结果将为崖爬藤的栽培及开发利用提供重要的理论和技术指导。     

Multi-scale habitat selection in highly territorial bird species: Exploring the contribution of nest,territory and landscape levels to site choice in breeding rallids (Aves: Rallidae)

Habitat selection often involves choices made at different spatial scales, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, and studies that investigate the relative importance of individual scales are rare. We investigated the effect of three spatial scales (landscape, territory, nest-site) on the occurrence pattern of little crake Zapornia parva and water rail Rallus aquaticus at 74 ponds in the Masurian Lakeland, Poland. Habitat structure, food abundance and water chemical parameters were measured at nests and random points within landscape plots (from 300-m to 50-m radius), territory (14-m) and nest-site plots (3-m). Regression analyses suggested that the most relevant scale was territory level, followed by landscape, and finally by nest-site for both species. Variation partitioning confirmed this pattern for water rail, but also highlighted the importance of nest-site (the level explaining the highest share of unique variation) for little crake. The most important variables determining the occurrence of both species were water body fragmentation (landscape), vegetation density (territory) and water depth (at territory level for little crake, and at nest-site level for water rail). Finally, for both species multi-scale models including factors from different levels were more parsimonious than single-scale ones, i.e. habitat selection was likely a multi-scale process. The importance of particular spatial scales seemed more related to life-history traits than to the extent of the scales considered. In the case of our study species, the territory level was highly important likely because both rallids have to obtain all the resources they need (nest site, food and mates) in relatively small areas, the multi-purpose territories they defend.     

Scaling up functional traits for ecosystem services with remote sensing: concepts and methods

Ecosystem service‐based management requires an accurate understanding of how human modification influences ecosystem processes and these relationships are most accurate when based on functional traits. Although trait variation is typically sampled at local scales, remote sensing methods can facilitate scaling up trait variation to regional scales needed for ecosystem service management. We review concepts and methods for scaling up plant and animal functional traits from local to regional spatial scales with the goal of assessing impacts of human modification on ecosystem processes and services. We focus our objectives on considerations and approaches for (1) conducting local plot‐level sampling of trait variation and (2) scaling up trait variation to regional spatial scales using remotely sensed data. We show that sampling methods for scaling up traits need to account for the modification of trait variation due to land cover change and species introductions. Sampling intraspecific variation, stratification by land cover type or landscape context, or inference of traits from published sources may be necessary depending on the traits of interest. Passive and active remote sensing are useful for mapping plant phenological, chemical, and structural traits. Combining these methods can significantly improve their capacity for mapping plant trait variation. These methods can also be used to map landscape and vegetation structure in order to infer animal trait variation. Due to high context dependency, relationships between trait variation and remotely sensed data are not directly transferable across regions. We end our review with a brief synthesis of issues to consider and outlook for the development of these approaches. Research that relates typical functional trait metrics, such as the community‐weighted mean, with remote sensing data and that relates variation in traits that cannot be remotely sensed to other proxies is needed. Our review narrows the gap between functional trait and remote sensing methods for ecosystem service management.     

Limited spatial response to direct predation risk by African herbivores following predator reintroduction

Predators affect ecosystems not only through direct mortality of prey, but also through risk effects on prey behavior, which can exert strong influences on ecosystem function and prey fitness. However, how functionally different prey species respond to predation risk and how prey strategies vary across ecosystems and in response to predator reintroduction are poorly understood. We investigated the spatial distributions of six African herbivores varying in foraging strategy and body size in response to environmental factors and direct predation risk by recently reintroduced lions in the thicket biome of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa, using camera trap surveys, GPS telemetry, kill site locations and Light Detection and Ranging. Spatial distributions of all species, apart from buffalo, were driven primarily by environmental factors, with limited responses to direct predation risk. Responses to predation risk were instead indirect, with species distributions driven by environmental factors, and diel patterns being particularly pronounced. Grazers were more responsive to the measured variables than browsers, with more observations in open areas. Terrain ruggedness was a stronger predictor of browser distributions than was vegetation density. Buffalo was the only species to respond to predator encounter risk, avoiding areas with higher lion utilization. Buffalo therefore behaved in similar ways to when lions were absent from the study area. Our results suggest that direct predation risk effects are relatively weak when predator densities are low and the time since reintroduction is short and emphasize the need for robust, long‐term monitoring of predator reintroductions to place such events in the broader context of predation risk effects.     

Environmental selection is a main driver of divergence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Romania and Bulgaria

Both neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes can cause population divergence, but their relative contributions remain unclear. We investigated the roles of these processes in population divergence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) from Romania and Bulgaria, regions characterized by high landscape heterogeneity compared to Western Europe. We asked whether morphological divergence, complemented with genetic data in this human commensal species, was best explained by environmental variation, geographic distance, or landscape resistance—the effort it takes for an individual to disperse from one location to the other—caused by either natural or anthropogenic barriers. Using generalized dissimilarity modeling, a matrix regression technique that fits biotic beta diversity to both environmental predictors and geographic distance, we found that a small set of climate and vegetation variables explained up to ~30% of the observed divergence, whereas geographic and resistance distances played much lesser roles. Our results are consistent with signals of selection on morphological traits and of isolation by adaptation in genetic markers, suggesting that selection by natural environmental conditions shapes population divergence in house sparrows. Our study thus contributes to a growing body of evidence that adaptive evolution may be a major driver of diversification.     

Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain

We review the early development of metapopulation ideas, which culminated in the well-known model by Levins in 1969. We present a survey of metapopulation terminology and outline the kinds of studies that have been conducted on single-species and multispecies metapopulations. Metapopulation studies have important conceptual links with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and with studies on the dynamics of species living in patchy environments. Metapopulation ideas play an increasingly important role in landscape ecology and conservation biology.