基于生态恢复和文化回归的梯田景观格局重建--以菲律宾科迪勒拉高山水稻梯田景观复兴为例

基于菲律宾科迪勒拉梯田景观遭到严重破坏、世界文化遗产受到威胁的现状,通过分析先人建立的"水源涵养林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"结构体系以及传统文化对梯田景观格局稳定性的保护和控制,剖析隐含在高山水稻梯田景观背后的生态技术和文化格局,了解和借鉴先人智慧,结合现状生态、社会问题和地区特征,分析梯田景观恢复的需求和挑战,运用景观生态学技术手段和对传统文化的唤醒,进行采伐迹地恢复、梯田景观恢复、灌溉体系修复、对抗外来物种入侵,借鉴传统管理模式建立适应新形势的社区管理和合理的旅游规划体系,重建"森林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"的景观生态格局,促进传统文化回归,实现高山梯田景观复兴与世界文化遗产保护。

Reconstruction of landscape pattern on terraces based on the theory of ecological restoration and culture regression for mountain rice terraces in the Philippines Cordillera region

Mountain rice terraces in the Philippine Cordillera were included as World Heritage Site in 1995 because of their uniqueness in scale, technology, and culture. However, the ecosystem has been disturbed and the terraced area has substantially reduced due to factors such as deforestation, invasive species, and damaged irrigation system. In addition, an increasing number of original inhabitants subsequently fled, leading to the collapse of traditional social structure, and disordered tourism development aggravated the conditions of terraced areas. These areas were once included in the list comprising the ''World Heritage in Danger'' report. Therefore, their reconstruction is imminently and enormously challenged. In this study, the ecology and culture of terraced areas have been discussed to provide constructive methods of their landscape pattern reconstruction.First, we analyzed the traditional landscape pattern "Forest-Muyong-Settlement-Terraces-River" established by the Philippine ancestors. This pattern regards forests as a protected area, Muyong as a buffer, settlement as the living area, and terraces as the production area to form a stable material and energy cycle. The physical relationship among landscape components and the role of traditional culture has maintained the stability of this landscape pattern for nearly 2,000 years. Our ultimate goal is to restore the traditional landscape and cultural patterns.Our findings indicated that the landscape restoration of mountain rice terraces should consider ecological, economic, cultural, and social factors. Based on an ecological perspective, we attempted to restore or rebuild the ancestral ecological pattern to ensure and maintain the original ecological water system, prevent the invasion of foreign species, and reduce the negative impact of modern society on the environment. Economic measures were implemented to promote economic growth and tourism development in the eco-friendly premise. We intended to use engineering measures and techniques such as restoration of damaged forestlands, artificial fostering, natural succession, and irrigation systems. Further, we mainly focused on methods to realize culture regression.We proposed several strategies-damaged forestland restoration, terraced landscape restoration, irrigation system repair, alien invasive species inhibition-to help protect forest resources and core terraced landscapes from both ecological and cultural aspects. Furthermore, we suggested methods for cultural pattern reconstruction from the viewpoint of landscape architecture to integrate space settlement systems and build new community management modes that are adaptable to the present environmental conditions and reasonable travel planning systems.We hope to reconstruct the ancestral landscape ecological pattern, by regenerating the traditional culture and realizing the rehabilitation of the mountain terraced landscapes and protecting the world cultural heritage.