小花草玉梅正常和自然变异植株的AP3-3基因研究

野生小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var.flore-minore)正常植株和花被片自然变异植株的外观形态差异很大,该研究以二者为材料,利用常规PCR和高效热不对称PCR(Hi-Tail PCR)技术从其正常和变异植株的基因组中各分离得到1个B类基因。序列分析证明,二者隶属于B类MADS-box基因AP3家族的旁系同源基因AP3-3分枝,分别命名为NArAP3-3(正常植株)和VArAP3-3(变异植株)。NArAP3-3基因全长3 795bp,VArAP3-3基因全长3 898bp,二者均含有1个666bp的开放阅读框(ORF),可编码221个氨基酸,具有典型的植物MADS-box基因结构,其编码肽链包含了MADS区、K区、Ⅰ区和C区。对比NArAP3-3和VArAP3-3基因的全长序列,发现VArAP3-3基因比NArAP3-3多了1段49bp的插入,且在ORF序列与NArAP3-3基因相比有4个碱基突变。对二者的全长序列、所编码的221个氨基酸及插入序列的生物信息学分析显示,二者在基因启动子、蛋白质基本性质、结构功能域、二级三级预测结构等方面均有差异,推测这些差异可能是花被片变异产生的原因之一。该研究结果为进一步探索其变异机制奠定了基础。     

红花尔基不同龄级天然樟子松外生菌根真菌群落结构特征

红花尔基被誉为樟子松Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica的故乡,樟子松是我国北方主要的造林树种之一,也是典型的菌根依赖型树种。研究樟子松根围外生菌根真菌（ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF）群落结构特征对红花尔基沙地樟子松生态系统的保护具有重要意义。本研究以红花尔基天然樟子松根围土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术研究了4个龄级（<10、11-20、21-30和31-40年,分别称作Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ龄级）天然樟子松根围土壤ECMF群落结构特征。结果表明：（1）测序共获得87 516条ECMF序列,划分为177个OTUs（operational taxonomic units,OTU）,隶属于2个门,4个纲,12个目,26个科,43个属。（2）Ⅳ龄级中Ace丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著高于Ⅰ龄级（P<0.05）。（3）不同龄级根围ECMF优势属占比不同,Ⅰ龄级中占比最大的为Inocybe（42.55%）;Ⅱ和Ⅲ龄级中占比最大的均为Tricholoma,分别为31.64%和27.69%;Ⅳ龄级中占比最大的为Cortinarius（28.80%）。（4）冗余分析表明,土壤pH值对ECMF的影响程度最大,其次为速效钾和碱解氮;同时,不同理化因子对群落中优势属的影响也存在差异。     

花椰菜BobACT基因的克隆及其作为内参基因的研究

实时荧光定量PCR技术是探索植物基因功能和调节机理的有效手段。选择合适的内参基因是获得实时荧光定量PCR准确性数据的必备条件。ACT基因高度保守且表达稳定,常作为内参基因被广泛应用。为了获得花椰菜ACT基因,以转录组测序和RT-PCR方法为手段克隆得到花椰菜肌动蛋白基因Actin。该基因等电点为5.395,理论分子量为41.77 kD;其cDNA开放阅读框长1134 bp,编码氨基酸377个,GenBank登录号为MG598643。Wolf Psort分析发现,BobActin蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞质基质中。Motif Scan分析显示,BobActin蛋白质的氨基酸序列4～377位为Actin保守结构域。进化分析表明,同源序列基因编码的蛋白质与同为十字花科的甘蓝、芜菁和油菜同源蛋白的相似性达到90%以上,具有高度的保守性。在此基础上,设计了1对荧光定量PCR引物,分析显示,该引物具有较高的特异性和扩增效率,在花椰菜根、茎、花、花球、叶片等不同组织和低温、高温、盐处理、干旱处理、ABA处理等胁迫处理下均能稳定表达,适合在花椰菜基因表达研究中作为内参基因,为开展花椰菜重要功能基因的挖掘、表达模式以及调控机理的研究提供参考。花椰菜在内参基因方面的研究还处于初步阶段,今后可继续克隆其他内参基因,丰富花椰菜的内参基因库,从而进一步提高花椰菜基因表达分析研究的稳定性、重复性和准确性。     

Mosquito control actions affect chironomid diversity in temporary wetlands of the Upper Rhine Valley

The Upper Rhine Valley, a “hotspot of biodiversity” in Germany, has been treated with the biocide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) for mosquito control for decades. Previous studies discovered Bti nontarget effects in terms of severe chironomid abundance reductions. In this study, we investigated the impact of Bti on species level and addressed the community composition of the nontarget family Chironomidae by use of community metabarcoding. Chironomid emergence data were collected in three mosquito‐control relevant wetland types in the Upper Rhine Valley. For all three sites the chironomid species composition, based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs), was different to varying degrees in the Bti‐treated samples versus control samples, ranging from a significant 63% OTU reduction to an OTU replacement. We assumed that predatory chironomids are less prone to Bti than filter feeders, as the latter feed on floating particles leading to direct ingestion of Bti. However, a comparable percentage of predators and filter feeders (63% and 65%, respectively) was reduced in the Bti samples, suggesting that the feeding strategy is not the main driver for Bti sensitivity in chironomids. Finally, our data was compared to a three‐year‐old data set, indicating possible chironomid community recovery due to species recolonization a few years after the last Bti application. Considering the currently discussed worldwide insect decline we recommend a rethinking of the usage of the biocide Bti, and to prevent its ongoing application especially in nature protection reserves to enhance ecological resilience and to prevent boosting the current biodiversity loss.     

关于尾尖奇蒿(菊科-春黄菊族)合格发表问题的一条简注（英文）

尾尖奇蒿(Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima)(菊科-春黄菊族)1992年发表时未指定模式,故为不合格发表。该名称2011年得以合格发表,故2016年的再次合格发表纯属多余,是有关作者没有仔细查阅文献的结果。该名称的正确引证应为“Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima Y.R.Ling,Bangladesh J.Plant Taxon.18:203.2011”,而非“Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima Y.R.Ling,Phytotaxa 273:213.2016”。     

中国东部沿海水仙归化群体的遗传多样性

为揭示我国东部归化水仙(Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)的群体遗传多样性,利用2个叶绿体基因mat K和trn H-psb A片段对采自沪、浙、闽的5个代表群体的49株水仙进行了评估。结果表明,双基因联合序列的总长为1443bp,共定义6个单倍型,各归化群体的遗传多样性水平为DLSYPTDNJD=ZZCMD。AMOVA分析表明,群体内变异为遗传变异的主要来源(91.98%),群体间的遗传分化较低(Fst=0.080 22)。群体物种水平上的谱系结构不显著(Nst=0.020Gst=0.031;P0.05)。Mantel检验表明水仙群体间的遗传距离与地理距离呈显著的线性相关(r=0.929,P=0.02 0.05)。中性检验和错配分布分析结果均暗示水仙群体背离了快速扩张模型的假设。单倍型分布的中介网络图结合系统发育NJ树均将所有群体划分为2大分支。因此,我国东部沿海水仙归化群体整体遗传多样性水平较低,各群体间遗传分化较弱,遗传变异主要来自群体内,物种近期未经历扩张事件,可能是基因流受海岛隔离、自身生物学特征、生境异质性与及人为干扰的综合作用影响。     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林粗木质残体空间格局分析

粗木质残体（Coarse woody debris,CWD）的空间格局反映了森林群落的死亡格局和干扰格局,在一定程度上体现了群落内林木的死亡过程。采用相邻网格法对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var.smithii）原始林1 hm²固定样地内CWD进行调查,从CWD类型、腐烂等级、径级3个方面对CWD空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明：样地内CWD总密度为582株/hm²,倒木占55.33%,是CWD的主要输入形式。CWD密度在腐烂等级上的分布可用多项式拟合（R²=0.9973）,在径级上的分布可用指数衰减模型拟合（R²=0.9746）,且在不同类型、腐烂等级及径级上的分布差异较大。在50 m尺度内,CWD整体表现为小尺度的集群分布和中、大尺度的随机分布。在3种CWD分类中,仅有大枯枝、Ⅰ级腐烂、径级ⅠCWD在小尺度或中尺度表现为较强的集群分布,其余则均以随机分布为主,只是在个别尺度达到或接近集群分布。不同类型CWD间整体关联不显著,只有枯立木与大枯枝在0-21 m尺度内达到显著负关联。CWD空间分布格局是急尖长苞冷杉原始林的重要结构特征,在很大程度上决定着林下植物群落及林型自然更新格局。     

仁化县野生白毛茶群落特征及保护对策

以广东仁化县董塘镇及红山镇5个分布有野生白毛茶Camellia sinensis var. pubilimba的生存群落为对象,开展样方调查及群落生态学分析,以期明确野生白毛茶的生长状况及保护对策。结果表明：(1) 5个有野生白毛茶分布的群落,共分布有维管植物177种,隶属于63科119属,其中蕨类植物13科17属21种,被子植物49科101属155种;(2) 白毛茶野生种群分布于毛竹Phyllostachys heterocycla、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata群落演替而成的次生林,群落上层以毛竹、杉木、华润楠Machilus chinensis、罗浮柿Diospyros morrisiana为优势种,灌木层以白毛茶、红背山麻杆Alchornea trewioides、绒毛山胡椒Lindera nacusua、八角枫Alangium chinense为优势种,草本层以乌毛蕨Blechnum orientale、蔓生莠竹Microstegium fasciculatum、三叶崖爬藤Tetrastigma hemsleyanum等占优势;(3) 除次生林外,其余群落中草本层Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数及均匀度均高于乔木层及灌木层,这可能是自然演替进程与人类砍伐活动综合作用的结果;(4) 野生白毛茶更适合处于中度干扰的次生林中,较为湿润的阳坡利于其发展;(5) 野生白毛茶数量虽多,共258株,却均为小苗,且生长状况并不理想,需及时采取有效的保护措施就地保护、适度干扰,同时加强民众教育保护现有野生资源,扩大野生种群调查范围,兼顾回归实验。     

Phenolic derivatives with cytotoxic activities from the roots of Fallopia multiflora var. ciliinervis

Fourteen phenolic derivatives including two new compounds (1, 2), one new natural product (10) and eleven known ones (3 - 9 and 11–14) were obtained from the roots of Fallopia multiflora var. ciliinervis. The structures were determined using IR, MS, 1D and ²D NMR spectroscopy and the absolute configuration of the new structure (2) was deduced by ECD experiments. All of the isolated compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic activities against three tumor cell lines (A549, HCT116 and SW620) and the results showed that compounds 12－14 showed cytotoxicities against A549 cells while compounds 10 and 11 showed cytotoxicities against SW620 cells.     

Classification of life cycle form spectrum of artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica

The plant life cycle form and its spectrum features of different plants in the artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica at the botanical garden of Northeast Forestry University were classified by PCA method. For canopy layer plants, the vegetative growth (V) accounted for 46%, the sexual growth (S) accounted for 35%, and the clonal growth (C) accounted for the rest 19%. For succession layer plants, V accounted for more than 50%, and C accounted for a little higher than S did. For herbaceous layer plants, V accounted for nearly 47%, which was only 4% higher than that of S, and C only accounted for 11%. These findings indicate that the plant life cycle forms of canopy layer plants and herbaceous layer plants were VS transition form with V form as the main form, while the succession layer plants were V form. At the viewpoint of artificial community, the life cycle form can be described as V_0.49S_0.33C_0.18, a typical VS transition form, indicating that most of the species studied in this community are in a healthy status with the V form. Moreover, the relatively high (33%) percentage in the S form indicates that the community also tends to sexual growth for offspring, although it will be steady within a period of time for the vegetative growth of bodies.