Neo-tropical felid activity patterns in relation to potential prey and intraguild competitors in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

Predator behaviors influence, and are influenced by, prey and competitor behaviors. Jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor), and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) coexist throughout their geographic range as the three largest predators in a multi-predator community across diverse environments. This study tested for non-random segregation and overlap in the activity patterns of these felids and their shared prey in the southern buffer zone of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, in southern Mexico, using camera traps during February to August 2019. We detected little temporal segregation between the nocturnal activities of jaguars, pumas, and ocelots, although pumas were more active closer to dawn. Jaguars had low activity overlap with species likely to be common prey, whereas ocelots had high overlap with their potential prey. Pumas displayed finer-scale similarities in activity with species likely to be common prey. In an understudied area of conservation importance, this study shows that temporal segregation is an unlikely mechanism of coexistence. Further research should incorporate spatio-temporal avoidance and dietary differences to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that drive coexistence between generalist species in a diverse assemblage of threatened felids. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization at Different Succession Stages in Songnen Saline-Alkali Grassland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form symbiosis with 90% of the vascular plants and play important roles in ecosystem. To realize the AM fungal colonization at different succession stages in saline-alkali land and screen AM fungi species with great functions, roots and soil samples were collected from the three succession stages of Songnen saline-alkali grassland. The soil properties and AM fungal colonization were measured, and the fungus distributed extensively in three stages was annotated by sequencing for AML1/AML2 target, subsequently, maize was selected as the host to verify its colonization. The results showed that the soil properties improved with the succession of saline-alkali grassland. The plants’ communities of the three stages could be colonized by AM fungi, and the colonization rate of Leymus chinensis (the third stage) ranged from 66.67% to 100%, Puccinellia tenuiflora (the second stage) ranged from 50% to 80%, while the Suaeda glauca (the first stage) was only 35%–60%. Glomeraceae sp1 was identified as the dominant AM fungi species which occurred frequently in the succession of saline-alkali land with the isolation frequency, relative abundance, and importance value of 100%, 18.1%, and 59.1%, respectively. The colonization rate of Glomeraceae sp1 in maize ranged from 80% to 87% and similar mycorrhizal characteristics were detected in the roots of P. tenuiflora, S. glauca, and L. chinensis, indicating that Glomeraceae sp1 colonized the samples in the field. The correlation matrix indicated that colonization rate, colonization intensity, and vesicle abundance were closely related to soil conditions most, and they were related significantly to all the soil properties except cellulase activity. Besides, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil properties drove the changes of AM fungal colonization and sporulation. These results will provide theoretical support for realizing the relationship between AM fungal colonization and soil conditions, and also for the exploration of AM fungi species with great functions.

     

开垦对阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落功能多样性的影响

开垦会导致荒漠化的加剧,并对动物群落产生严重的影响。而功能多样性恰恰能体现环境或干扰胁迫导致的群落结构差异。但有关啮齿动物群落功能多样性的研究并不多见,为此,我们在2018至2020年的4月、7月和10月利用铗日法对开垦区和未开垦区的啮齿动物群落进行调查,选择并量化了与其营养、生活史、生理、形态及活动节律等相关的5个功能性状,以探讨开垦对啮齿动物群落组成的影响,以及性状组成和功能多样性变化。研究结果表明：(1)开垦区群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于未开垦区,开垦改变了啮齿动物群落性状组成;(2)阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落组成与蛰眠、繁殖周期和食性等功能性状显著相关;(3)开垦区春、秋季群落功能丰富度和功能均匀度高于未开垦区,各季节群落功能离散度显著高于未开垦区;而未开垦区夏季群落功能丰富度高于开垦区,秋季群落功能均匀度高于开垦区;(4)开垦区和未开垦区群落功能丰富度最高值均出现在夏季,二者在不同季节间差异较大;开垦区群落功能均匀度最高值出现在春季、功能离散度最高值出现在秋季,二者在季节间差异均较小;未开垦群落功能均匀度最高值出现在秋季、功能离散度最高值出现在夏季,二者在季节间差异均较大。上述结果说明,阿拉善荒漠区啮齿动物群落功能多样性变化与土地开垦和季节相关联,开垦会从啮齿动物群落的生态空间利用程度、资源利用、种间竞争及生态位等方面影响群落功能多样性。     

降解嘌呤核苷乳酸菌的筛选及益生特性探索

【背景】高尿酸血症是人体内嘌呤代谢紊乱导致的一种慢性代谢疾病,利用乳酸菌降解嘌呤类物质是辅助治疗高尿酸血症的新方法。【目的】筛选高效降解嘌呤核苷的乳酸菌并对其益生特性进行研究。【方法】利用HPLC法评价乳酸菌对肌苷、鸟苷的降解效果。通过药敏性试验、体外耐受性试验及细胞黏附试验研究目标菌株的益生特性。【结果】筛选出一株发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum) SR2-6,对肌苷和鸟苷的降解率分别为99.26%和98.85%。该菌株对青霉素、氯霉素等5种常见抗生素不具备耐药性,在pH 2.0环境下处理4 h后菌株的存活率为76.51%,在饱腹状态下的人工肠液模拟消化4 h后活菌数仍能达到6.85 lg (CFU/mL),对Caco-2细胞的黏附数为(52.29±15.14) CFU/cell。【结论】发酵乳杆菌SR2-6能够高效降解肌苷和鸟苷且具有优良的益生特性,是预防和治疗高尿酸血症的潜在优势菌株,可作为优势菌种资源应用于相关功能产品的开发。     

鸡源暹罗芽孢杆菌CML548的益生特性及全基因组分析

【背景】芽孢杆菌是用于动物微生态制剂的重要菌株之一。暹罗芽孢杆菌因具有较强的抑菌活性,近年来受到广泛关注。【目的】对实验室前期分离的鸡源暹罗芽孢杆菌CML548的益生特性进行评价,通过全基因组测序及生物信息学分析,探究其抑菌及潜在的益生机制。【方法】通过牛津杯法、稀释涂布平板法分别对菌株CML548的抑菌和产酶特性、酸和胆盐的耐受性进行研究。使用IlluminaHiSeq2500测序平台进行全基因组测序,并通过多种生物信息学工具和数据库对基因组进行注释和分析。【结果】体外实验表明该菌株具有优良的益生性状：能够有效抑制致病性大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌的生长;能够同时产生蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶;具有较高的酸和胆盐耐受性。全基因组测序分析表明菌株CML548的基因组大小为4061741bp,GC含量为46.07%,预测到3 961个编码基因。分别有1 693、2 704、3 413、186、67、1、5个基因被GO、KEGG、COG、CAZy、DBAASP、CARD、VFDB数据库注释;通过antiSMASH预测到16个与次级代谢产物合成相关的基因簇。此外,还发现其含有抗菌活性...     

攀西高原不同轮作制度下土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性与群落结构特征

[背景]关于高原生境轮作制度对土壤固氮微生物群落组成及多样性的影响研究尚少。[目的]深入认识攀西高原不同轮作制度对农田土壤肥力及土壤固氮微生物nifH基因群落结构与多样性的影响,以期建立合理的轮作制度。[方法]以凉山州冕宁县不同作物轮作制度[包括光叶紫花苕-烤烟(分轮作15年和20年两种,分别为G1和G2)、苦荞-烤烟(KQ)、大麦-烤烟(DM)和撂荒(CK)]的土壤为研究对象,通过化学分析和Illumina MiSeq技术,对土壤理化性质、土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性及群落组成进行分析。[结果]撂荒土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳和含水量最显著(P<0.05)。KQ轮作下土壤有效磷和速效钾分别提高了43.0%和2.60%,而DM轮作下的土壤理化性质均下降。土壤固氮酶活以撂荒土壤最高,G2轮作最低。土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性以G1轮作最高、G2轮作最低,门水平上以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是优势共有nifH基因类群,相对丰度占群落的63.0%-92.4%;属水平上,偶氮氢单胞菌属(Azohydromonas)是不同轮作制度下的优势物种,慢生根瘤属(Brad...     

Effects of media composition on substrate removal by pure and mixed bacterial cultures

Continuous culture experiments with identical experimental designs were run with a mixed microbial community of activated sludge origin and an axenic bacterial culture derived from it. Each culture received 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) at a concentration of 160 mg/L as COD and L-lysine at a concentration of 65 mg/L as COD. A factorial experimental design was employed with dilution rate and media composition as the two controlled variables. Three dilution rates were studied: 0.015, 0.0325, and 0.05 h^–1. Media composition was changed by adding four biogenic compounds (butyric acid, thymine, glutamic acid and lactose) in equal COD proportions at total concentrations of 0, 34, 225, and 1462 mg/L as COD. The measured variables were the effluent concentrations of 2-CP as measured by the 4-aminoantipyrene test and lysine as measured by the o-diacetylbenzene procedure. The results suggest that community structure and substrate composition play important roles in the response of a microbial community to mixed substrates. The addition of more biogenic substrates to the axenic culture had a deleterious effect on the removal of both lysine and 2-CP, although the effect was much larger on lysine removal. In contrast, additional substrates had a positive effect on the removal of 2-CP by the mixed community and much less of a negative effect on the removal of lysine. The dilution rate at which the cultures were growing had relatively little impact on the responses to the additional substrates.Abbreviations COD chemical oxygen demand - 2-CP 2-chlorophenol - DOC dissolved organic carbon - MDL method detection limit - SS suspended solids     

内蒙古地区传统制作奶豆腐和乌日莫中乳酸菌多样性及分布特征

【背景】传统制作奶豆腐和酸性奶油(乌日莫)是内蒙古农牧地区最喜爱的食品,蕴含着十分丰富的乳酸菌资源,亟待开发利用。【目的】通过解析内蒙古农牧地区传统自制奶豆腐和乌日莫样品中乳酸菌多样性及分布特征,为优良菌株选育与利用提供资源和理论基础。【方法】采用稀释涂布法分离纯化乳酸菌,测定菌株16S rRNA基因序列鉴定种属关系,阐明乳酸菌系统发育、遗传分化及菌群结构。【结果】传统自制样品中共分离得到乳酸菌81株,主要归属于乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)、短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)、食二酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus diolivorans)、奥塔基乳杆菌(Lactobacillus otakiensis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、开菲尔乳杆菌(Lactobacillus kefir)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactoc...     

海州湾近岸海域的微生物群落结构和抗生素抗性基因时空变化

【背景】近岸海域抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的污染和累积将直接影响海产品质量和安全,海州湾作为江苏省的四大渔场之一,是江苏渔业发展的主要载体,有多条大小河流注入,沿岸为重要农业区,对公众健康产生重大影响。【目的】对海州湾夏秋季的水样及沉积物展开微生物及ARGs检测。【方法】基于宏基因组测序技术开展海州湾夏秋两季近岸6个站点中水体和沉积物中ARGs种类和相对丰度以及微生物群落的组成研究。【结果】变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是夏秋季度两种介质中最优势的门类,水样中优势的科级细菌为红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae),沉积物样品中为脱硫杆菌科(Desulfobacteraceae);夏季水样中的ARGs相对丰度要明显高于秋季,但沉积物中不同季节的ARGs相对丰度未表现出明显的变化趋势;在水样中主要门级微生物群落的抗性机制主要是抗生素靶位替换和抗生素靶位保护,沉积物样品则以抗生素灭活机制为主,而主要科级微生物群落的抗性机制更加多样;冗余分析(redundancyanalysis...     

青海湖3种类型高寒湿地甲烷氧化菌群落特征

【背景】甲烷氧化菌在维持湿地生态系统碳平衡方面发挥着重要作用,青海湖高寒湿地具有十分重要的生态地位,但目前有关该地区甲烷氧化菌的研究相对较少。【目的】探究不同类型高寒湿地土壤甲烷氧化菌的群落特征与驱动因素。【方法】以青海湖流域内的小泊湖沼泽湿地、鸟岛湖滨湿地、瓦颜山河源湿地为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术对土壤甲烷氧化菌进行检测。【结果】3种不同类型高寒湿地土壤甲烷氧化菌的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。鸟岛湖滨湿地与瓦颜山河源湿地的甲烷氧化菌α多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),而小泊湖沼泽湿地与二者的甲烷氧化菌α多样性的差异不显著(P>0.05)。LEfSe分析表明,不同类型高寒湿地共存在40个差异菌群,尤以瓦颜山河源湿地差异菌群数量最多,从门到属水平均存在显著差异。冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,甲烷氧化菌菌群变化的主要驱动因子为土壤温度、土壤水分、电导率。【结论】整体而言,青海湖3种类型高寒湿地土壤理化性质及甲烷氧化菌群落多样性均存在差异,且部分菌群的相对丰度具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。