In vitro rearing ofExorista larvarum on tissue culture-based diets

Exorista (=Tachina) larvarum (L.) (Diptera, Tachinidae), a polyphagous parasitoid that attacksLymantria dispar L. andHyphantria cunea (Drury), was rearedin vitro from egg to adult on four tissue culture media-based diets (TMM-FH, SCHNEIDER'S, EX-CELL 400, and SF-900). The kind of tissue culture media in the diets did not influence the adult yield (34 to 55%) and puparium weight (26–27 mg). Adult yield and the puparium weight ofE. larvarum developed on TNM-FH and SCHNEIDER'S-based diets containing different amounts ofGalleria mellonella pupal extract (PE) (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%), were lower on diets without PE. In diets without PE development times from oviposition to adult emergence, were shorter on TNM-FH (19 days) than on SCHNEIDER'S-based diet (25–26 days). The adults that developed on artificial diets were able to parasitize the factitious hostG. mellonella and produce viable progeny. The results demonstrate thatE. larvarum is the most promising parasitoid ever studied forin vitro mass production.     

Anti-egg predator behaviors of the small angelfish Centropyge ferrugatus (Pomacanthidae)

Synopsis Predation on eggs of the angelfish, Centropyge ferrugatus, was observed in the coral reefs of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. This angelfish released pelagic eggs in pairs at sunset after slow ascents. Of 99 matings of this angelfish, an omnivorous damselfish Amblyglyphidodon curacao approached in 25, and fed on the released eggs in eight cases. The spawning angelfish never attacked the egg-predators. Pairs of this angelfish avoided the egg-predators by delaying mating for several minutes during courtships, and by frequent changes of spawning sites. Of the 25 matings targeted by the egg-predators, the angelfish successfully avoided predation in 17 cases. Eight matings were failures mainly due to lack of any attempt to elude the predator, suggesting that the delayed matings on multiple spawning sites are effective anti-egg predator behaviors.     

The consumption and utilization of the spiral blue-green algae Spirulina platensis in artificial diets by the silkworm, Bombyx mori

The consumption and utilization of various concentrations of the spiral blue-green algae, Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl., by the fourth-instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., was studied by incorporation into an artificial diet. The silkworms ingested more food on the low algal-powder diets, whereas they digested more efficiently on the high algal levels. The larvae fed on diets containing 30–40% algae had the shortest larval duration compared to those on low algal-powder diets. The freeze-dried powder of S. platensis is well utilized by B. mori larvae when added to artificial diets at levels between 15% and 30%, although the high algal content at 40% was slightly better for the efficiency of conversion of ingested diet into body substance (E.C.I.) and the cocoon production. However, analysis of the protein content in feces indicated an excess of the algal powder at 40%. Measurements of data on the food consumption and utilization in this study proposed that this spiral alga is dietetically utilizable as a protein source for rearing the silkworm in smaller quantities than on a soybean meal.

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Resúmé La consommation et l'utilisation de différentes concentrations de Spirulina platensis par les chenilles de 4ème stade de Bombyx mori, ont été étudiées par incorporation dans un aliment artificiel. Les vers à soie ont ingéré plus d'aliment avec les régimes à faible concentration en algue, tandis qu'ils ont digéré plus efficacement les régimes à haute concentration d'algue. Les chenilles alimentées sur des régimes contenant 30 à 40% d'algue ont eu un développement larvaire plus bref que celles alimentées sur des régimes à faible concentration. La poudre congelée et séchée de S. platensis incorporée aux taux de 15 à 30% dans le régime artificiel est bien utilisée par les chenilles de B. mori, quoiqu'une teneur de 40% soit légèrement meilleure pour l'efficacité de conversion de l'aliment en matière vivante (E.C.I.) et la production de cocons. Cependant, l'analyse du contenu protéique dans les excréments révélait un excès de poudre d'algue à 40%. L'analyse des données au cours de cette étude, sur la consommation et l'utilisation des aliments, montre que S. platensis est utilisable diét étiquement en plus petite quantité que la farine de soja comme source de protéines pour l'élevage du ver à soie.

     

Spatial distribution of seston in an artificially mixed system

Seston size distribution was determined with a Coulter Counter to investigate seston interaction and its effects on phytoplankton production. Spatial distribution patterns of the non-productive component of the seston were as complex as those commonly associated with algae. Seston might interact influencing production by changes in optical depth, abrasive actions and nutrient adsorption.     

COMPARISON OF ATTACHED DIATOM COMMUNITIES ON NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES1

A study of attached diatom communities on artificial and natural substrates was conducted in Wheelwright Pond, New Hampshire, during 1975. There were differences in the species composition growing on artificial glass slides and natural substrates. The slides favored the accumulation of Achnanthes minutissima Kütz. and decreased the relative abundance of Eunotia incisa W. Sm. ex. Greg. and Cocconeis placentula v. euglypta (Ehr.) Cleve. Large growths of planktonic species were also noted on the slides. Compositional differences between slides positioned at 15–30 cm (upper) and 1 m (lower) from the surface of the water were minimal. A similar community composition of periphytic diatoms was found on five aquatic macrophytes.     

Species-specific aggregation factor in sponges. XIII. Entire and core structure of the large circular proteid particle from Geodia cydonium

High-molecular weight particles have been isolated from the sponge Geodica cydonium. In the "native" from these particles consist of a spherical center and have 25-30 filaments attached to it. The core structure of the particles is assembled of a central circle and 25 radially-arranged filaments. The core structure is obtained from the entire structure by incubation in a medium, containing a non-ionic detergent and EDTA. The molecular weight of the enitre structure was in the range of 1.4 X 10(9) daltons or more and of the core structure 6.1 x 10(8) daltons. Two functional proteins are released from the "native" particles: the aggregation factor and the sialytransferase.     

紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的研究

本文研究了用紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的实验条件和方法。     

茶尺蠖人工饲料的研究

本报道饲养茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli)的5种人工饲料及其饲养方法．5种人工饲料均可用于大规模饲养一代幼虫．其中62号配方可用于续代饲养,在实验室内饲养5代的结果表明。效果良好．在饲料成分的加工．配制及饲养方法等方面．较前人有相当大的改进,因而叶因子用量减少,幼虫历期缩短．用人工饲料饲养的幼虫历期为13-20天。基本接近以茶叶饲养的对照(11—18天)．实验结果还表明饲料含水量．饲养方法．饲养密度和添加饲料的次数不同,对茶尺蠖的生长发育有明显的影响．初龄幼虫用平面培养基倒置饲养和高龄幼虫用片状饲料正置饲养为最佳方法．     

Effects of dietary sucrose concentration on aphid honeydew carbohydrate levels and rates of excretion

Honeydew droplets freshly excreted by two aphid species, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), feeding on nutritionally adequate, artificial diets containing 10–40% w/v sucrose, were collected in oil. The volume, frequency of excretion, and carbohydrate content of the droplets were determined by measuring the diameter of the droplets in the oil, by recording the number of droplets excreted per aphid per hour, and by using a quantitative colorimetric method for estimating carbohydrates. Rates for the intake or excretion of fluid, the intake and absorption of sucrose, and the excretion of carbohydrate were consequently calculated for the two species on each dietary sucrose concentration. The percentage of dietary sucrose absorbed by the aphids ranged from 36% on diet with 40% sucrose to 97% on diet with 10% sucrose. Such honeydew/diet relationships may allow one to use honeydew carbohydrate concentrations to estimate the sucrose concentrations of the phloem sap ingested by aphids feeding on host plants.

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Résumé Des gouttelettes de miellat fraîchement excrétées par deux espèces de pucerons, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) et Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), pucerons nourris sur des régimes nutritifs synthétiques contenant 10–40% de saccharose, ont été récupérées dans de l'huile. Le volume des gouttelettes a été déterminé en mesurant leur diamètre individuel dans l'huile, la fréquence d'excrétion établie par le nombre de gouttelettes excrétées par puceron par heure, et la teneur en glucides par une méthode d'analyse colorimétrique quantitative. Les taux d'ingestion et d'excrétion de liquide, d'ingestion et d'absorption de saccharose ainsi que les taux d'excrétion de glucides ont été par la suite calculés pour les deux espèces d'aphides nourris sur les différentes concentrations de saccharose. Le pourcentage de saccharose alimentaire absorbé par les aphides a été de 36% sur le régime contenant 40% de ce glucide, mais s'est élevé à 97% sur le régime ne contenant que 10% de saccharose. D'après ces relations miellat/régime nutritif, et en connaissant la teneur du miellat en glucides, on peut faire une approximation de la concentration du saccharose dans la sève élaborée du phloème ingérée par les aphides.

     

Effect of dietary nitrogen on gypsy moth larval nutritional indices, development and lipid content

Nutritional indices, development rates, percent dry weights and total lipids were determined in gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.) reared on a high wheat germ (HWG) diet or diets prepared from lyophilized, ball-milled oak or pine foliage as the only source of dietary nitrogen (N). With regard to both total and proteinaceous N content, HWG diet>oak diet>pine diet. All nutritional indices measured were significantly lower in second instars fed pine diet vs. oak diet. Protein supplementation of pine diet with either casein or ovalbumin to bring total N up to the level present in oak diet resulted in small increased in approximate digestibility (AD) and effciency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), but relative growth rate (RGR) remained unaffected. The low RGR of larvae fed pine diet (unsupplemented or protein supplemented), as compared to those fed HWG or oak diet, was accompanied by significantly lower larval percent dry weight and percent total lipid. In contrast, RGR, larval percent dry weight and total lipid values were comparable in second instars fed HWG or oak diet. Insects reared from the first through the final instar on oak diet exhibited lower pupal weights compared to those reared on HWG. Casein addition to oak diet generally resulted in even more extended larval development times and further reduced pupal weights, but wheat germ addition to oak diet did not alter development rates and caused an increase in pupal weights.