四十里湾栉孔扇贝清滤率、摄食率和吸收效率的现场研究

运用生物沉积法在四十里湾不同海区对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。 1龄栉孔扇贝 (4 1 .1± 4.1 mm,软体干重 0 .48± 0 .1 0 g/ ind)清滤率变化范围为 0 .72～ 2 .5 4(平均 1 .2 7) L/ (ind· h)或 1 .65～ 5 .97(平均 2 .61 ) L/ (g· h)。清滤率受 TPM的变化影响不大 ,而摄食率却随 TPM的升高而升高。 2龄扇贝 (软体干重 1 .91± 0 .3 2 g/ ind)清滤率为2 .0 9～ 3 .99(平均 3 .1 0 ) L/ (ind· h)。栉孔扇贝吸收速率与 POM呈正相关关系 ,而与饵料质量 (POM/ TPM)无明显的相关性。1龄扇贝和 2龄扇贝吸收效率没有显著差别 ;扇贝对 POM的吸收效率与 TPM (或 POM)关系不大 ,却与饵料质量呈明显的正相关关系 ;扇贝对 POC、PON和 PP的吸收效率平均分别为 68.9%、64.0 %和 63 .6%。在沿岸养殖海域 ,栉孔扇贝通过大量的滤水摄食以及较高的吸收效率对生态系统的能量流动和物质循环产生影响。     

Varietal differences in root growth as related to nitrogen uptake by sorghum plants in low-nitrogen environment

Hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv CSH 9) and local variety (S. bicolor cv. FSRP) of sorghum were grown in an Alfisol field and in pots of Alfisol in semi-arid tropical India, and the productivity of sorghum in low N condition was studied in relation to N absorption by plant. The grain yield of the hybrid (CSH 9) was higher than that of the local variety (FSRP) irrespective of the rate of N application. The reduction in hybrid grain yield was less than that for the local variety when N was not applied. After booting stage hybrid absorbed more N than the local variety. To estimate the role of roots in N absorption, the characteristics of N absorption were parameterized. Relative growth rate was highly correlated with relative N absorption rate in plant. N absorption was regulated by root activity (specific N absorption rate per unit root mass and length). Specific N absorption rate in roots at physiological maturity was higher in the hybrid than in local variety in low N conditions. Therefore, the smaller reduction of hybrid yield in low-N conditions was ascribed to high-N absorption rate in its roots, and the high ability of roots to absorb N after booting stage.     

Profiles of light absorption and chlorophyll within spinach leaves from chlorophyll fluorescence

Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to estimate profiles of absorbed light within chlorophyll solutions and leaves. For chlorophyll solutions, the intensity of the emitted fluorescence declined in a log–linear manner with the distance from the irradiated surface as predicted by Beer's law. The amount of fluorescence was proportional to chlorophyll concentration for chlorophyll solutions given epi‐illumination on a microscope slide. These relationships appeared to hold for more optically complex spinach leaves. The profile of chlorophyll fluorescence emitted by leaf cross sections given epi‐illumination corresponded to chlorophyll content measured in extracts of leaf paradermal sections. Thus epifluorescence was used to estimate relative chlorophyll content through leaf tissues. Fluorescence profiles across leaves depended on wavelength and orientation, reaching a peak at 50–70 µm depth. By infiltrating leaves with water, the pathlengthening due to scattering at the airspace : cell wall interfaces was calculated. Surprisingly, the palisade and spongy mesophyll had similar values for pathlengthening with the value being greatest for green light (550 > 650 > 450 nm). By combining fluorescence profiles with chlorophyll distribution across the leaf, the profile of the apparent extinction coefficient was calculated. The light profiles within spinach leaves could be well approximated by an apparent extinction coefficient and the Beer–Lambert/Bouguer laws. Light was absorbed at greater depths than predicted from fibre optic measurements, with 50% of blue and green light reaching 125 and 240 µm deep, respectively.     

紫外线辐射对蓝藻细胞活性的影响

紫外线辐射 2种蓝藻Anabaena 6 3l和Anabaenaazollae不同时间 ,用UV30 0 0分光光度计测定活体连续吸收光谱 ,并测定细胞存活率。结果发现紫外线辐射对这 2种蓝藻的光合色素有不同程度的破坏作用 ;紫外线辐射 2min左右就可以杀死全部的A .6 3l和A .azollae细胞。实验还证实了小剂量刺激效应的存在。     

生物组织中有限束宽光吸收的蒙特卡罗模拟

用蒙特卡罗法模拟了有限束宽均匀分布和高斯分布光在生物组织中的传播,分析了生物组织的光学参数及光源特性对光吸收分子的影响,结果表明：只要有效光吸收系数增加,最大光吸收率就会增加,光的侧向传输能力主要依赖于光的有效散射,光束宽度增加,辐照范围加宽,高斯光束的吸收分布的梯度更大。     

Nephrotoxicity effects of the wood preservative chromium copper arsenate on mice: Histopathological and quantitative approaches

Chromium copper arsenate (CCA) was used for the protection of wood building materials until the restriction by EPA in 2002.During a short period of time 14–24 h, a comparative nephrotoxicity study was performed regarding the effects of CCA and its compounds per se. Histopathological and histochemical features were correlated with the concentration of the total arsenic and chromium in mice kidney.Animals were subcutaneously injected with CCA (7.2 mg/kg arsenic and 10.2 mg/kg chromium per body weight), CrO₃ (10.2 mg/kg), As₂O₅ (7.2 mg/kg) and NaCl (0.9%) per se.The histopathological examination of the renal sections evidenced acute tubular necrosis in the groups of animals exposed to CCA (in both periods of time).Although the same contents of pentavalent arsenic and hexavalent chromium were injected in treated animals with CCA and with the prepared solutions of As₂O₅ and CrO₃, the arsenic concentration on kidneys of CCA-exposed animals was much higher than those in animals exposed to As₂O₅ (32- and 28-fold higher at 14 and 24 h, respectively). However, the elimination of chromium seems to occur similarly in the kidneys of animals treated with CCA and CrO₃ per se. Interactions among the components of CCA result in a marked decrease of the ability of kidney to eliminate simultaneously both analytes. The nephrotoxicity of CCA was higher than its components per se, evidencing a possible synergetic effect.     

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对翅果油树幼苗根系的影响

采用接种和不接种(对照)丛枝菌根的方法对翅果油树幼苗在不同生长时期的形态、生物量、矿质元素含量及抗逆性等指标进行比较分析,以探讨丛枝菌根(AM)改善翅果油树在生态系统中的退化及濒危现状的机理.结果显示:(1)摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicata)与盆栽翅果油树苗木可形成菌根;菌根化苗木的形态及生物量等指标均与对照差异极显著,且与菌根侵染率呈显著正相关(P<0.05).(2)菌根使苗木根系体积增大、总吸收面积增加、根系的活跃吸收面积显著增加,且根系中活跃吸收面积比与磷、钾元素含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).(3)苗木生长的盛期和末期,菌根化苗木根系过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照,而在生长后期却显著低于对照呈负相关(P<0.05);菌根化苗木根系多酚氧化酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05),在苗木生长盛期酶活性最强,但接种不同菌种的苗木间差异不显著.研究表明,与不接种相比,接种菌根增加了翅果油树的根系吸收能力,提高了根系酶体系,有利于植物抵抗各种胁迫,对扩大翅果油树植物的分布区有重要意义.     

盐胁迫下嫁接茄的离子吸收和运输

NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗根和叶中电解质渗透率、叶片Na 含量、Na /K 比值低于自根苗,其根中Na 含量、Na /K 则高于自根苗.     

Towards elucidating the energy of the first excited singlet state of xanthophyll cycle pigments by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The first excited singlet state (S₁) of carotenoids (also termed 2A_g⁻) plays a key role in photosynthetic excitation energy transfer due to its close proximity to the S₁ (Q_y) level of chlorophylls. The determination of carotenoid 2A_g⁻ energies by optical techniques is difficult; transitions from the ground state (S₀, 1A_g⁻) to the 2A_g⁻ state are forbidden (“optically dark”) due to parity (g ← //→ g) as well as pseudo-parity selection rules (− ← //→ −). Of particular interest are S₁ energies of the so-called xanthophyll-cycle pigments (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin) due to their involvement in photoprotection in plants. Previous determinations of S₁ energies of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin by different spectroscopic techniques vary considerably. Here we present an alternative approach towards elucidation of the optically dark states of xanthophylls by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The indication of at least one π* energy level (about 0.5 eV below the lowest 1B_u⁺ vibronic sublevel) has been found for zeaxanthin. Present limitations and future improvements of NEXAFS to study optically dark states of carotenoids are discussed. NEXAFS combined with simultaneous optical pumping will further aid the investigation of these otherwise hardly accessible states.     

Nitrogen-sodium concentrated complex fertilisers (CCF’s)versus nitrogen-sodium blends: Effects on ammonium and nitrate uptake by perennial ryegrass plants replete with potassium

There is ample experimental evidence that, Na, if supplied in separate fertiliser granules or crystals to N, i.e., in blended fertiliser form, can improve both the yield and the recovery of fertiliser N by grassland swards in situations of limited K supply, but not in situations of K abundance. There is some evidence, though, that in K-replete situations, Na, if supplied in the same fertiliser granule as N, i.e. in concentrated complex fertiliser (CCF) form, also improves dry matter production and N recovery by swards whilst lowering the risk of grass tetany in grazing animals. However, the mechanism for the latter effect of Na on N uptake has never been elucidated, nor has it been clarified whether Na stimulates NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ⁻ uptake by plants or simply NO ₃ ⁻ uptake alone. The aim of the present study was to see if supplying Na in the same fertiliser pellets (NNa-CCF) as NH₄NO₃ (differentially labelled with¹⁵N), or in separate pellets (NNa-blend), had any effect on the recovery of¹⁵N-labelled NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ⁻ -N by perennial ryegrass plants growing in a glasshouse under K-replete conditions. The results of the experiment confirmed that using an NNa-CCF was more beneficial to shoot production than using an NNa-blend. However, the differential in shoot production occurred without any corresponding difference in total N (i.e. NH ₄ ⁺ plus NO ₃ ⁻ -N) recovery in shoot tissue. Instead, Na, in the CCF appears to have stimulated NO ₃ ⁻ uptake at the expense of NH ₄ ⁺ absorption, thereby altering the balance between NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ⁻ -nutrition in favour of NO ₃ ⁻ -nutrition, and stimulating shoot production as a consequence. It was concluded that if grassland is already well supplied with K it would be more beneficial in terms of sward production to apply a Na and N-containing CCF than a blend of separate Na and N-containing granules or crystals.