Control of stored grain pest,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), using the essential oils isolated from Zingiber officinale (L.) and Mentha pulegium (L.) in laboratory condition

Fumigant activity of essential oil vapours distilled from Zingiber officinale (L.) and Mentha pulegium (L.) was tested against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Fumigant toxicity was assessed at 27?±?1?°C and 60?±?5% RH, in dark condition. The influence of different concentrations of the essential oil vapours on egg hatchability, larval and adult mortality was significant. Data probit analysis showed that lethal concentration of the essential oil to kill 50% of the population (LC₅₀) for egg, larvae and adult was found to be 1.151, 2.336 and 2.183?μl/l air of Z. officinale, followed by 0.072, 0.113 and 0.093?μl/l air essential oil of M. pulegium, respectively. Between these essential oils, Z. officinale is almost more toxic than M. pulegium on all growth stages of C. maculatus. The present study suggests that essential oils from these medicinal plants may be potential grain protectants as botanical alternative fumigants and could be used in the management of various life stages of C. maculatus.     

Biocontrol activity of the extract prepared from Zingiber zerumbet for the management of rhizome rot in Zingiber officinale caused by Pythium myriotylum

Zingiber zerumbet Smith or wild ginger is remarkable for its inherent resistance to Pythium spp., which cause soft rot disease in Zingiber officinale Rosc. In the present study, various concentrations of extract prepared from Z. zerumbet were screened for its activity against Pythium myriotylum. Microscopic observation of P. myriotylum in presence of Z. zerumbet extract has confirmed the complete lysis of pathogen within 10 h. However, the same treatment with Z. officinale extract was found to have partial antifungal effect even after 24 h due to inability of its metabolites to prevent the growth of P. myriotylum. Due to the antifungal activity, extract from Z. zerumbet was subjected to GC–MS and LC-QTOF-MS which has identified Zerumbone with m/z 219 as the major compound. Further, in vivo study and the subsequent microscopic analysis have confirmed the applicability of extract from Z. zerumbet as a phytomedicine to control rhizome rot in ginger.     

阳荷化学成分及药理作用最新研究进展

对姜科姜属植物阳荷Zingiber striolatum的栽培、化学成分及药理作用进行综述，并对其应用及生产上存在的问题进行探讨。     

姜属一新组合——侧穗姜及其系统位置

侧穗姜Zingiber ellipticum曾因其花序自茎侧穿叶鞘而出而被童绍全等(1987)置于偏穗姜属作为新种椭圆偏穗姜发表,但侧穗姜的侧生退化雄蕊与唇瓣连合,使唇瓣具3裂片,其药隔附属体发达,延长弯曲成喙状,包囊花柱,具有典型的姜属花的特征;由于姜属侧穗姜组Sect. Pleuranthesis Benth. 的花序亦为侧生,因此,该植物应置于姜属而不应置于偏穗姜属。侧穗姜的花粉表面具脑皱状纹饰,与姜属姜组的花粉纹饰相同,形态亦相似,而与表面具长刺的偏穗姜属花粉迥异。侧穗姜种子内种皮由砖形薄壁细胞构成,与姜属的薄壁细胞型内种皮相同,而与偏穗姜属的石细胞型内种皮明显区别。本文综合花的形态学、孢粉学和种子解剖学特征,将侧穗姜转移至姜属并建立新组合〖WTBX〗Zingiber ellipticum[WTBZ] (S. Q. Tong et Y. M. Xia) Q. G.Wu et T. L. Wu.     

姜属植物种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

本文报道以斑蝉姜、珊瑚姜和多穗姜为材料的姜属种子解剖学和组织化学研究结果。结果表明,姜属种子较大,基部具一膨大的种阜状结构,膜质假种皮２－５裂,裂片指状或瓣状。种皮黑褐色,一般平滑,由外种皮、中种皮与内种皮组成。外种皮为一层表皮细胞。中种皮由各含一层细胞的下皮层和半透明细胞层与含（２）３－４层薄壁细胞的色素层组成。半透明细胞体积很大,细胞内的不定形块状物含有脂类;色素层细胞体积小,不含或仅含少许色     

生姜的挥发性化学成分

用ＧＣ／ＭＳ方法,定性定量地分析了用３种不同方法提取的姜油的化学成分,分别鉴定了４６,５０,６１个化合物。蒸馏油主要含有单萜、倍半萜烯类化合物,未见生姜特有的辣味成分。冷榨油和超临界ＣＯ２萃取油除倍半萜类化合物外,主要含有辣味成分,含量分别为１８．６１％,２３．０９％。冷榨油及超临界ＣＯ２萃取油较好地保持了生姜的特征辛香气及辣味成分     

Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae

MANGALY, J. K. & NAYAR, J. 1990. Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae. Light microscope studies on pollen morphology of 21 Old World, tropical taxa of Zingiberaceae reveal that an exine is absent only in Kaempferia . A discontinuous exine layer consisting of circular plates joined together at margins occurs in Alpinia galanga and Amomum hypoleucum while all other taxa possess an uninterrupted exine layer which is commonly 0.7 μm to less than 2.0 μrn thick (3.2 μm in Zingiber zerumbet , 2.5 μm in Amomum hypoleucum ). Exine is spinose in Alpinia (smooth in Alpinia sanderae ), Amomum and Boesenbergia , verrucose in Eleltaria , tuberculate to areolate or striate in Zingiber , papillose in Globba and smooth or nearly so in Curcuma, Costus and Hedychiurn . Pollen grains are spheroidal, 50–90 μm in size (35 μm in Globba ophioglossa ), and inaparturate (foraminate in Costus ), except in Curcuma and Zingiber where they are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 70–135 times 60–80 μm in size and sulcate. A lamellated intine, much thicker than the exine, occurs in all, and it is thinner at the apertural region in Curcuma, Costus and Zingiber; in Elettaria and Hedychiurn it is thinner in one or few large scattered circular areas, and in Boesenbergia and Alpinia zerumbet on one side of the grains. Palynologirally Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Kaempferia and Zingiber constitute one group while Elettaria, Hedychiurn and Costus constitute another.     

姜弄蝶在蘘荷上的发生规律及防治

荷 (Zingibermioga)是姜弄蝶Udaspesfolus(Cramer) (又名苞叶虫 )的一种新报道的寄主植物。该文描述了姜弄蝶的形态特征及其在荷上的生活史、生活习性、发育历期、影响其发生的生态因子及综合防治技术。     

Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production

Using techniques previously employed to identify ginger constituents in fresh organically grown Hawaiian white and yellow ginger varieties, partially purified fractions derived from the silica gel column chromatography and HPLC of a methylene chloride extract of commercially processed dry ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae, which demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all, 115 compounds were identified, 88 with retention times (R(t)) >21 min and 27 with <21 min. Of those 88 compounds, 45 were previously reported by us from fresh ginger, 12 are cited elsewhere in the literature and the rest (31) are new: methyl [8]-paradol, methyl [6]-isogingerol, methyl [4]-shogaol, [6]-isoshogaol, two 6-hydroxy-[n]-shogaols (n=8 and 10), 6-dehydro-[6]-gingerol, three 5-methoxy-[n]-gingerols (n=4, 8 and 10), 3-acetoxy-[4]-gingerdiol, 5-acetoxy-[6]-gingerdiol (stereoisomer), diacetoxy-[8]-gingerdiol, methyl diacetoxy-[8]-gingerdiol, 6-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-nonyl-2-hydroxytetrahydropyran, 3-acetoxydihydro-[6]-paradol methyl ether, 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-nonadecen-1-one and its methyl ether derivative, 1,7-bis-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxyheptan-3-one, 1,7-bis-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-5-acetoxyheptane, acetoxy-3-dihydrodemethoxy-[6]-shogaol, 5-acetoxy-3-deoxy-[6]-gingerol, 1-hydroxy-[6]-paradol, (2E)-geranial acetals of [4]- and [6]-gingerdiols, (2Z)-neral acetal of [6]-gingerdiol, acetaldehyde acetal of [6]-gingerdiol, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dehydro-6-decanone and the cyclic methyl orthoesters of [6]- and [10]-gingerdiols. Of the 27 R(t)<21 min compounds, we had found 5 from fresh ginger, 20 others were found elsewhere in the literature, and two are new: 5-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-pent-2-en-1-al and 5-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-pentanal. Most of the short R(t) compounds are probably formed by thermal degradation during GC (which mimics cooking) and/or commercial drying. The concentrations of gingerols, the major constituents of fresh ginger, were reduced slightly in dry ginger, while the concentrations of shogaols, the major gingerol dehydration products, increased.     

罗平产生姜的化学成分

从生姜(Zingiber officinaleRosc.)的根茎中分离得一个骨架新颖的天然产物,经波谱鉴定为一个新的生姜内酯(1),同时分离得到7个已知化合物,分别为6-姜烯酚(2),1-去氢姜二酮(3),6-姜磺酸(4),3,5-二酮-1,7-二-{(3-甲氧基-4-羟基)-苯基}-庚烷(5),姜酮A(6),β-谷甾醇(7)和豆甾醇(8)。