亚洲高海拔锄足蟾的属间亲缘关系、分化及其与青藏高原形成的关系

本文在研究高海拔锄足蟾的属间分类及分布规律的基础上,对所属的齿蟾属Oreolalax、齿突蟾属Scutiger的齿突蟾亚属Scutiger,(Scutiger)和猫眼蟾亚属Scutiger(Aelurophryne)的成体外形和骨骼、蝌蚪的形态以及核型等24个性状进行综合分析,同时探讨了属间亲缘关系。结果表明:齿蟾属较原始,齿突蟾属较特化,它们可能起源于共同的祖先——原始齿蟾。在齿突蟾属中猫眼蟾亚属比齿突蟾亚属更为特化,后者与齿蟾属的亲缘关系相对较近。它们的分化与青藏高原的抬开有密切关系。     

Harmonizing Labeling and Analytical Strategies to Obtain Protein Turnover Rates in Intact Adult Animals

Changes in the abundance of individual proteins in the proteome can be elicited by modulation of protein synthesis (the rate of input of newly synthesized proteins into the protein pool) or degradation (the rate of removal of protein molecules from the pool). A full understanding of proteome changes therefore requires a definition of the roles of these two processes in proteostasis, collectively known as protein turnover. Because protein turnover occurs even in the absence of overt changes in pool abundance, turnover measurements necessitate monitoring the flux of stable isotope–labeled precursors through the protein pool such as labeled amino acids or metabolic precursors such as ammonium chloride or heavy water. In cells in culture, the ability to manipulate precursor pools by rapid medium changes is simple, but for more complex systems such as intact animals, the approach becomes more convoluted. Individual methods bring specific complications, and the suitability of different methods has not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we compare the turnover rates of proteins across four mouse tissues, obtained from the same inbred mouse strain maintained under identical husbandry conditions, measured using either [¹³C₆]lysine or [²H₂]O as the labeling precursor. We show that for long-lived proteins, the two approaches yield essentially identical measures of the first-order rate constant for degradation. For short-lived proteins, there is a need to compensate for the slower equilibration of lysine through the precursor pools. We evaluate different approaches to provide that compensation. We conclude that both labels are suitable, but careful determination of precursor enrichment kinetics in amino acid labeling is critical and has a considerable influence on the numerical values of the derived protein turnover rates.     

羌塘高原藏羚羊栖息地分布及影响因素

藏羚羊作为羌塘高原草食性野生动物的典型代表,明确其栖息地的准确分布将有利于识别藏羚羊种群保护关键区域,协调羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突。采用野外调查与物种分布模型相结合的办法,以藏羚羊栖息地选择偏好和迁徙规律为基础,利用Maxent模型模拟其在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节的栖息地分布,并通过栖息地质量模型辅以GIS空间分析方法,识别受人类干扰的栖息地范围。结果表明：藏羚羊在非繁殖季节主要分布在羌塘高原东南部,围绕在色林错等水系周围,其越冬区面积约为26万km²。倾向选择海拔4800m以上、气候温暖、靠近水源且食物资源丰富的区域。藏羚羊在繁殖季节栖息地明显呈现由南向北扩散的趋势,多在水系周围呈小片状分布于羌塘东北、中北、昆仑山南麓部分区域,产羔区面积约为30万km²。选择产羔地时则注重坡度、水源、海拔、气温日较差等,对植被资源的选择倾向较非繁殖季弱,重视迁徙通道连贯性和产羔区域安全性。羌塘高原人类活动整体较弱,北部羌塘国家级自然保护区是藏羚羊理想栖息地,但南部地区社会经济较发达,尤其是那曲地区南部和阿里西南部,居民地、道路和牧业等人类活动对栖息地干扰较大,受干扰面积分别占藏羚羊越冬区的39.7%,产羔区的34.9%。     

成人胫骨平台骨折的流行病学特征及其变化趋势的回顾性研究

摘要 目的：回顾性研究成人胫骨平台骨折的流行病学特征及其变化趋势。方法：以我院2014年1月至2019年12月期间收治的1193例成人胫骨平台骨折患者为调查研究对象,根据患者收治的时间将患者分为A组(2014年1月~2015年12月收治,n=369)、B组(2016年1月~2017年12月收治,n=394)、C组(2018年1月~2019年12月收治,n=430)。对三组患者进行统一的问卷调查,并对三组患者的年龄、职业、致伤原因、骨折分型进行归纳统计,分析探讨成人胫骨平台骨折的流行病学特征及其变化趋势。结果：2014年~2019年成人胫骨平台骨折总体流行病学特征：男性患者数量多于女性患者,年龄主要在40~59岁,以从事体力劳动患者居多,骨折致伤原因中主要以交通事故和室内活动跌倒损伤为主,骨折Schatzker分型中以II型、IV型为主。三组年龄对比有差异性,年龄有逐年升高的趋势(P<0.05)。三组性别比例有显著性差异,男女性别比例差异在逐年缩小(P<0.05)。三组患者在职业类型方面也有显著性差异（P<0.05）,但均以体力劳动者居多。在致伤原因中,A组患者以交通事故致伤为主,C组患者以室内活动跌倒损伤为主,组间对比有显著差异(P<0.05)。在骨折分型中,A组以IV型为主,C组以II型为主(P<0.05)。结论：2014年至2019年成人胫骨平台骨折中男性较多,年龄以40~59岁为主,体力劳动者为高发职业,交通事故和室内活动跌倒损伤是最常见的致伤原因,好发骨折分型为Schatzker II型、IV型。变化趋势表现为骨折发病人数逐年上升,发病年龄有老龄化趋势,致伤原因和骨折分型也在逐渐变化。     

Superimposing hip extension on knee flexion evokes higher activation in biceps femoris than knee flexion alone

Hamstring muscle function during knee flexion has been linked to hamstring injury and performance. However, it is unclear whether knee flexion alone (KF) requires similar hamstring electromyography (EMG) activity pattern to simultaneous hip extension and knee flexion (HE-KF), a combination that occurs in the late swing phase of sprinting. This study examined whether HE-KF maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) evokes higher (EMG) activity in biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) than KF alone. Effects of shank rotation angles were also tested. Twenty-one males performed the above-mentioned MVICs while EMG activity was measured along ST and BFlh. Conditions were compared using a one-way mixed functional ANOVA model under a fully Bayesian framework. Higher EMG activity was found in HE-KF in all shank rotation positions than in KF in the middle region of BFlh (highest in the 9th channel, by 0.022 mV [95%CrI 0.014 to 0.030] in neutral shank position). For ST, this was only observed in the neutral shank position and in the most proximal channel (by 0.013 mV [95%CrI 0.001 to 0.025]). We observed muscle- and region-specific responses to HE-KF. Future studies should examine whether hamstring activation in this task is related to injury risk and sprint performance.     

隐匿性胫骨平台骨折MRI、CT检查的影像学表现及其诊断价值对比的回顾性研究

目的:研究对比隐匿性胫骨平台骨折(TPOF)磁共振成像(MRI)、电子计算机断层扫描(CT)检查的影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析我院自2016年1月至2019年12月拟诊断为TPOF且X线检查表现为阴性的89例患者的临床资料,分别对所有受试者进行MRI、CT检查,且以手术检查为金标准,比较上述两种影像学检查手段诊断TPOF的效能。此外,比较MRI、CT检查诊断TPOF的表观扩散系数以及节段各向异性值以及对TPOF类型的检出率。结果:MRI检查诊断TPOF的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为98.61%、94.12%、97.75%,均高于CT检查的79.17%、64.71%、76.40%(均P<0.05)。MRI检查诊断TPOF的表观扩散系数高于CT检查,而节段各向异性值低于CT检查(均P<0.05)。MRI检查对骨皮质骨折的检出率低于CT检查,而对骨小梁骨折的检出率高于CT检查(均P<0.05)。结论:MRI检查诊断TPOF的价值高于CT检查,且在骨小梁骨折的检出率方面优于CT检查,但CT检查应用于骨皮质骨折的诊断价值更高。临床工作中可能通过联合MRI以及CT检查,继而达到提高TPOF检出率的目的。     

Comparative morphology of selected characters of the Pentatomidae foreleg (Hemiptera,Heteroptera)

Heteropteran legs are very diverse within and among taxa, and such variation is frequently correlated with life habits. Structural modifications are commonly present in the legs of the Pentatomoidea but are poorly studied. Using scanning electron microscopy, the tibia and pretarsal microstructure of 82 species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera), three species of Scutelleridae, and ten species of Thyreocoridae were described, focusing on the pretarsal structure, the foretibial apparatus, and the foretibial comb. The Pentatomidae, the Scutelleridae, and the Thyreocoridae have uniform pretarsal structures. Variation can be found in the length of the parempodial setae and in the shape of the parempodial projections. The foretibial combs of the Pentatomidae, the Thyreocoridae, and the Scutelleridae are described for the first time, and we have demonstrated that there is low structural variation in the foretibial comb complex of the studied species. The setae organization and distribution on the foretibial apparatus is uniform in the families studied. However, the Asopinae (Pentatomidae) bear a foretibial apparatus that is uniquely organized. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relevance of the pretarsal traits, the foretibial apparatus, and the foretibial comb are discussed.     

后侧手术入路、锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的临床疗效

目的：探讨采用膝关节后内和后外侧切口、锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的临床疗效。方法：选取2009年1月～2011年12月来我院治疗的13例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者作为研究对象,所有患者采用后内和后外侧切口、锁定钢板固定治疗,观察术后骨折愈合情况,采用Rasmussen放射学评分评定骨折复位情况,采用HSS评分系统评定膝关节功能疗效。结果：术后随访6～24个月,平均13．6个月,所有患者骨折均于16周内愈合。Rasmussen放射学评分15～18分,平均17．4分,其中优8例,良3例,可2例,优良率为84．7％。末次随访时膝关节功能HSS评分73~97分,平均91．4分,其中获优7例,良5例,可1例,优良率为92．3％。结论：采用膝关节后内和（或）后外侧切口、锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折具有操作简单、显露清晰、直视下复位骨折及关节面、固定牢靠、利于早期功能锻炼、临床疗效确切、并发症少等优点。     

Theophylline Steady-State Pharmacokinetics: Recent Concepts and Their Application in Chronotherapy of Reactive Airway Diseases

With the introduction of sustained-release theophyllíne formulations for once-daily dosing or for unequally divided twice-daily dosing, comparison with conventional equally divided twice-daily dosing has been focused on nocturnal serum theophylline concentrations (STCs), plateau properties and peak-trough fluctuation. The merits of various steady-state characteristics such as nocturnal excess, plateau time, residual concentration, peak-trough fluctuation, swing and AUC fluctuation are illustrated by 15 data sets from 7 multiple-dose studies, each including either 10–12 healthy volunteers or 12–20 COPD-patients. In all of the studies, STCs were determined at least every 2 hr over a 24-hr period in steady-state. Included in the studies were 7 sustained-release theophylline formulations which were administered either once daily (in the morning or in the evening), or twice daily (either equally divided, or unequally divided with one-third of the dose being given in the morning and two-thirds in the evening).     

Salinity Impact on Bacterial Community Composition in Five High-Altitude Lakes from the Tibetan Plateau,Western China

The influence of salinity and geographical distance on bacterial community composition (BCC) in five freshwater, oligosaline or polysaline lakes located at altitudes higher than 4400 m on the central and southern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using the 16S rRNA gene clone library approach together with multivariate analysis of environmental variables. A total of 10 clone libraries were constructed with two libraries in each lake, one in the epilimnion and the other in the hypolimnion. Geographical distance was not found to impact BCC significantly, but salinity, chl a and lake hydraulic retention time were significant factors influencing the BCC. Bacteria in lakes located on the central and southern Plateau owned the same community composition as that observed from the eastern Tibetan lakes. They were both predominated by Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, had low taxon richness, and similar typical freshwater clusters and distributed characteristics. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Geomicrobiology Journal to view the supplemental file.