羌塘高原藏羚羊栖息地分布及影响因素

藏羚羊作为羌塘高原草食性野生动物的典型代表，明确其栖息地的准确分布将有利于识别藏羚羊种群保护关键区域，协调羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突。采用野外调查与物种分布模型相结合的办法，以藏羚羊栖息地选择偏好和迁徙规律为基础，利用Maxent模型模拟其在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节的栖息地分布，并通过栖息地质量模型辅以GIS空间分析方法，识别受人类干扰的栖息地范围。结果表明：藏羚羊在非繁殖季节主要分布在羌塘高原东南部，围绕在色林错等水系周围，其越冬区面积约为26万km²。倾向选择海拔4800m以上、气候温暖、靠近水源且食物资源丰富的区域。藏羚羊在繁殖季节栖息地明显呈现由南向北扩散的趋势，多在水系周围呈小片状分布于羌塘东北、中北、昆仑山南麓部分区域，产羔区面积约为30万km²。选择产羔地时则注重坡度、水源、海拔、气温日较差等，对植被资源的选择倾向较非繁殖季弱，重视迁徙通道连贯性和产羔区域安全性。羌塘高原人类活动整体较弱，北部羌塘国家级自然保护区是藏羚羊理想栖息地，但南部地区社会经济较发达，尤其是那曲地区南部和阿里西南部，居民地、道路和牧业等人类活动对栖息地干扰较大，受干扰面积分别占藏羚羊越冬区的39.7%，产羔区的34.9%。

Habitat distribution of Tibetan antelope in the Chang Tang plateau and influential factors

As a typical representative of herbivorous wildlife in the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan antelope is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for endangered wildlife protection. It is mainly distributed in China, India, and Nepal. Presently, there is no clear range for Tibetan antelope habitat in the Chang Tang area. Accurate identification regarding its habitat distribution will help to locate key areas for Tibetan antelope population protection. It will also aid in the coordination of efforts to manage conflicts between humans and wildlife from the socio-economic development of the Chang Tang plateau, which has exhibited an increasing trend. The field investigation was combined with a Species Distribution Model in this study. Habitat selection, preference, and migration rules of Tibetan antelope were determined. The data on the location of Tibetan antelopes were collected using the transect method, and the Maxent model was used to simulate its habitat distribution during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Using the Habitat Quality model and GIS spatial analysis method, we accurately identified the habitat range that was disturbed by human activities, such as urbanization, transportation, and animal husbandry, among other factors. The results showed that: Tibetan antelopes were mainly distributed in the southeast of the Chang Tang plateau during the non-breeding season for three-quarters of the year, which was typically located around lakes and rivers, such as Selinco. The over-winter area was approximately 260000 km². and antelopes choose grasslands and lakesides at an altitude of more than 4800 m. These areas were warm, close to water, and had abundant vegetation resources. During the breeding season, the habitat of Tibetan antelopes showed the trend of moving from south to north and were mostly distributed in small areas around the water in the northeastern, the mid-northern area of Chang Tang, and the southern foot of the Kunlun Mountain, covering an area of approximately 300000 km². When choosing a lambing area, greater importance occurred for the slope, nearby water sources, higher altitudes, and daily temperature differences. The selection and preference of vegetation types and coverage were weaker than that of the non-breeding season, and more importance occurred for the connectedness of migration channels and safety during calving. All human activities in the Chang Tang plateau are relatively weak, especially in the northern Chang Tang National Nature Reserve, which is an ideal habitat for Tibetan antelopes, but in the southern area, especially the southern part of Naqu and the southwest part of Ali, human activities are relatively high. Habitat affected by human activities, such as residential areas, roads, and animal husbandry, accounted for 39.7% of the wintering area and 34.9% of the lambing area. These areas should be given greater attention for the protection of the Tibetan antelope in the future.