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41.
K. Naklang D. Harnpichitvitaya S. T. Amarante L. J. Wade S. M. Haefele 《Plant and Soil》2006,286(1-2):193-208
Rice-based (Oryza sativa L.) rainfed lowlands are the major cropping system in northeast Thailand. Average yields are low, which is generally explained by frequent drought events, low soil fertility, and poor fertilizer response. However, neither the relative importance of these factors nor their interaction is well understood. Therefore, we analyzed an existing database on fertilizer trials conducted between 1995 and 1997 at eight different sites in northeast Thailand with the objective to determine indigenous nutrient supplies, internal efficiencies, and recovery efficiencies of applied nutrients in rainfed lowland rice. Of particular interest was the effect of variety type (traditional) and water supply on these components. Comparison of N, P, and K concentrations in grain and straw (average N–P–K grain concentration of 11.0–2.7–3.4 g kg−1; average N–P–K straw concentration of 5.2–0.9–16.4 g kg−1) in the traditional-type varieties used at all trial sites with literature values showed no differences for these parameters between traditional and modern-type varieties or between irrigated and rainfed environments. In contrast, internal efficiencies of N, P, and K (average IEN: 46 kg grain per kg N uptake; IEP: 218 kg grain per kg P uptake; IEK: 25 kg grain per kg K uptake) were much lower than reported for irrigated systems, and the difference was greatest for K, which is mainly accumulated in the straw. Indigenous nutrient supply (average INS: 38 kg ha−1; IPS: 10 kg ha−1; IKS: 89 kg ha−1) and recovery efficiency (average REN: 0.28 kg kg−1; REP: 0.13 kg kg−1; REK: 0.49 kg kg−1) were low but comparable to the lower values reported from irrigated systems. Average seasonal field water resources seemed to reduce the indigenous nutrient supply but had no or little effect on internal efficiency and recovery efficiency. We concluded that the main reason for the low system productivity without and with fertilizer in northeast Thailand is the dominant use of traditional-type varieties with low harvest indices, which was the dominant cause for the observed low internal nutrient efficiency. Therefore, intensification of rainfed systems through substantially increased nutrient inputs can be recommended only where varieties with an average harvest index of close to 0.4 or higher are available. 相似文献
42.
Michael D. Gumert Suchinda Malaivijitnond 《American journal of physical anthropology》2012,149(3):447-457
Long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) feed opportunistically in many habitats. The Burmese subspecies (M. f. aurea) inhabits coastal areas in southwestern Thailand and Myanmar, and some of their populations have adapted lithic customs for processing encased foods in intertidal habitats. We investigated the diet of such macaques in Laemson National Park, Thailand, and identified the variety of foods they processed with stones. We conducted 36 shore surveys to study tool sites following feeding activity, during which we counted the minimum number of individual (MNI) food items found at each site. We identified 47 food species (43 animals and four plants), from 37 genera. We counted 1,991 food items during surveys. Nearly all were mollusks (n = 1,924), with the small remainder primarily consisting of crustaceans and nuts. The two most common foods, rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata; n = 1,062) and nerite snails (Nerita spp.; n = 538), composed 80.2% of our sample. Four prey species comprised 83.2% of the sample (MNI = 1,656), S. cucullata (n = 1,062), Nerita chamaeleon (n = 419), Thais bitubercularis (n = 95), and Monodonta labio (n = 80). Macaques selected a wide variety of foods. However, they heavily concentrated on those that were abundant, easy to access, and sufficiently sized. The Burmese long‐tailed macaque stone‐processed diet, which focuses on intertidal marine prey, differs from Sapajus and Pan, who use stones primarily for encased nuts and fruits. In terms of diversity of foods exploited, coastal stone‐based predation by macaques resembles the diet of coastal‐foraging humans (Homo sapiens sapiens). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
43.
A new species of corophiid Amphipoda, Cheiriphotis trifurcata, collected from the seagrass bed of the Lower Gulf of Thailand, is described. Cheiriphotis trifurcata is characterized by its trifurcated tip of the modified setae on the outer ramus in male pleopod 3. In this paper, the new species is fully described and compared with related species and a complete key of the 16 valid species in the genus Cheiriphotis is given. 相似文献
44.
Sarawood Sungkaew Atchara Teerawatananon John A. N. Parnell Chris M. A. Stapleton Trevor R. Hodkinson 《Kew Bulletin》2008,63(4):669-673
Summary A new monotypic bamboo genus Phuphanochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from north-eastern Thailand is described, together with a new species, P. speciosa. 相似文献
45.
Limtong S Imanishi Y Jindamorakot S Ninomiya S Yongmanitchai W Nakase T 《FEMS yeast research》2008,8(2):337-343
Nine strains of a new Torulaspora species were isolated from natural samples collected in Japan and Thailand including one strain obtained from a leaf of Rhizophora stylosa (NBRC 11061T), one strain from soil (NBRC 11062), six strains from mosses (ST-14, ST-266, ST-510, ST-511, ST-513 and ST-581) and one strain from sediment in mangrove forest (RV-51). On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the sequence analyses of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2) region, the nine strains were found to represent a single novel species of the genus Torulaspora, which were named Torulaspora maleeae sp. nov. The type strain is NBRC 11061T (BCC 25515T=CBS 10694T). In the phylogenetic trees based on the sequences of the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene, T. maleeae showed a close relationship with the five recognized species of the genus Torulaspora, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Torulaspora franciscae, Torulaspora globosa, Torulaspora microellipsoides and Torulaspora pretoriensis. Torulaspora maleeae differed from the five recognized species of the genus Torulaspora by six to 12 nucleotide substitutions (1.1-2.1%) in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene and by 6.4-11.7% nucleotide substitutions in the ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2) region. 相似文献
46.
W. Thimdee G. Deein N. Nakayama Y. Suzuki K. Matsunaga 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2008,16(6):463-470
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were used to elucidate primary carbon sources and trophic relationships of the fish
and shrimp community in the Klong Ngao mangrove ecosystem, southern Thailand. There were no significant differences in isotopic
compositions of biota between mangrove and offshore sites (Welch–Aspin test). The δ15N values of eight fish species and two shrimp species at both sites were also not significantly different by the test, meaning
that at both sites they feed on the same diets due to the discharge of large quantities of mangrove sediments. The δ15N isotopic enrichment of consumers suggested that there are four trophic levels in the Klong Ngao food web, with at least
two fish species capable of switching feeding strategies and thus altering their apparent trophic positions. Phytoplankton
culture experiments indicated that mangrove-derived sediments could play an important role in stimulating phytoplankton growth
for low turbidity offshore areas, thus providing an alternate food source. The isotopic associations among sources and consumers
indicated that mangroves were the major carbon source supporting aquatic food webs in the Klong Ngao ecosystem. 相似文献
47.
Oyeshola F. Kofoworola Shabbir H. Gheewala 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(6):498-511
Background, aim, and scope To minimize the environmental impacts of construction and simultaneously move closer to sustainable development in the society,
the life cycle assessment of buildings is essential. This article provides an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of
a typical commercial office building in Thailand. Almost all commercial office buildings in Thailand follow a similar structural,
envelope pattern as well as usage patterns. Likewise, almost every office building in Thailand operates on electricity, which
is obtained from the national grid which limits variability. Therefore, the results of the single case study building are
representative of commercial office buildings in Thailand. Target audiences are architects, building construction managers
and environmental policy makers who are interested in the environmental impact of buildings.
Materials and methods In this work, a combination of input–output and process analysis was used in assessing the potential environmental impact
associated with the system under study according to the ISO14040 methodology. The study covered the whole life cycle including
material production, construction, occupation, maintenance, demolition, and disposal. The inventory data was simulated in
an LCA model and the environmental impacts for each stage computed. Three environmental impact categories considered relevant
to the Thailand context were evaluated, namely, global warming potential, acidification potential, and photo-oxidant formation
potential. A 50-year service time was assumed for the building.
Results The results obtained showed that steel and concrete are the most significant materials both in terms of quantities used, and
also for their associated environmental impacts at the manufacturing stage. They accounted for 24% and 47% of the global warming
potential, respectively. In addition, of the total photo-oxidant formation potential, they accounted for approximately 41%
and 30%; and, of the total acidification potential, 37% and 42%, respectively. Analysis also revealed that the life cycle
environmental impacts of commercial buildings are dominated by the operation stage, which accounted for approximately 52%
of the total global warming potential, about 66% of the total acidification potential, and about 71% of the total photo-oxidant
formation potential, respectively. The results indicate that the principal contributor to the impact categories during the
operation phase were emissions related to fossil fuel combustion, particularly for electricity production.
Discussion The life cycle environmental impacts of commercial buildings are dominated by the operation stage, especially electricity
consumption. Significant reductions in the environmental impacts of buildings at this stage can be achieved through reducing
their operating energy. The results obtained show that increasing the indoor set-point temperature of the building by 2°C,
as well as the practice of load shedding, reduces the environmental burdens of buildings at the operation stage. On a national
scale, the implementation of these simple no-cost energy conservation measures have the potential to achieve estimated reductions
of 10.2% global warming potential, 5.3% acidification potential, and 0.21% photo-oxidant formation potential per year, respectively,
in emissions from the power generation sector. Overall, the measures could reduce approximately 4% per year from the projected
global warming potential of 211.51 Tg for the economy of Thailand.
Conclusions Operation phase has the highest energy and environmental impacts, followed by the manufacturing phase. At the operation phase,
significant reductions in the energy consumption and environmental impacts can be achieved through the implementation of simple
no-cost energy conservation as well as energy efficiency strategies. No-cost energy conservation policies, which minimize
energy consumption in commercial buildings, should be encouraged in combination with already existing energy efficiency measures
of the government.
Recommendations and perspectives In the long run, the environmental impacts of buildings will need to be addressed. Incorporation of environmental life cycle
assessment into the current building code is proposed. It is difficult to conduct a full and rigorous life cycle assessment
of an office building. A building consists of many materials and components. This study made an effort to access reliable
data on all the life cycle stages considered. Nevertheless, there were a number of assumptions made in the study due to the
unavailability of adequate data. In order for life cycle modeling to fulfill its potential, there is a need for detailed data
on specific building systems and components in Thailand. This will enable designers to construct and customize LCAs during
the design phase to enable the evaluation of performance and material tradeoffs across life cycles without the excessive burden
of compiling an inventory. Further studies with more detailed, reliable, and Thailand-specific inventories for building materials
are recommended. 相似文献
48.
Three peat swamps situated in the southern part of Thailand were investigated for their desmid flora in relation to a number
of physical and chemical habitat parameters. Altogether, 99 species were encountered belonging to 22 genera. 30 species are
new records for the Thai desmid flora. Laempagarung peat swamp showed the highest diversity (45 species), followed by Maikhao
peat swamp (32 species) and Jud peat swamp (25 species). Despite its relatively low species richness, Jud swamp appeared to
house a number of rare taxa, e.g., Micrasterias subdenticulata var. ornata, M. suboblonga var. tecta and M. tetraptera var. siamensis which can be considered Indo-Malaysian endemics. Differences in composition of the desmid flora between the three peat swamps
are discussed in relation to environmental conditions.
Presented at the International Symposium Biology and Taxonomy of Green Algae V, Smolenice, June 26–29, 2007, Slovakia. 相似文献
49.
Question: Can recent satellite imagery of coarse spatial resolution support forest cover assessment and mapping at the regional level? Location: Continental southeast Asia. Methods: Forest cover mapping was based on digital classification of SPOT4‐VEGETATION satellite images of 1 km spatial resolution from the dry seasons 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. Following a geographical stratification, the spectral clusters were visually assigned to land cover classes. The forest classes were validated by an independent set of maps, derived from interpretation of satellite imagery of high spatial resolution (Landsat TM, 30 m). Forest area estimates from the regional forest cover map were compared to the forest figures of the FAO database. Results: The regional forest cover map displays 12 forest and land cover classes. The mapping of the region's deciduous and fragmented forest cover remained challenging. A high correlation was found between forest area estimates obtained from this map and from the Landsat TM derived maps. The regional and sub‐regional forest area estimates were close to those reported by FAO. Conclusion: SPOT4‐VEGETATION satellite imagery can be used for mapping consistently and uniformly the extent and distribution of the broad forest cover types at the regional scale. The new map can be considered as an update and improvement on existing regional forest cover maps. 相似文献
50.