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91.
Goal and Scope The goal of this study is to explore the potentials and limitations of using LCA as the basis for setting ecolabelling criteria
in developing countries. The practicality of using LCA for this purpose, as required by ISO 14020, has been criticised as
lacking in transparency and scientific rigour. Furthermore, ecolabelling is not widespread in developing countries. The application
of LCA has therefore been illustrated by using the specific case of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand, as a basis for ecolabelling
criteria for a typical product intended for export from a developing country.
Method For the LCA case study, the functional unit is the standard consumer-package size, containing 1.8 kg of frozen shrimp produced
by conventional intensive aquaculture in Thailand, subject to an appropriate environmental management system. The impact assessment
method used in this study is CML 2 Baseline 2000.
Results According to the results from the LCA study, farming appears to be the key life cycle stage generating the most significant
environmental impacts: abiotic depletion and global warming, which arise mainly from the use of energy; and eutrophication
caused by wastewater discharged from the shrimp ponds. It is possible to cover these impacts by quantitative ecolabelling
criteria. Other important impacts could not be quantified by the LCA: depletion of wild shrimp broodstock, impacts of trawling
on marine biodiversity and the choice of suitable farm sites. These impacts, which are also related to the farming stage,
must be covered by 'hurdle criteria'.
Conclusions and recommendations. For the present case, LCA provides a basis for quantifying a number of important ecolabelling criteria
related to the use of abiotic resources and to emissions. Other important issues, connected with the use of biotic natural
resources and land, are not quantifiable by current LCA methodology, but were also revealed and clarified by using an LCA
framework for the analysis. Thus, focussing the assessment on life cycle considerations, as required by ISO 14024, was effective
in identifying all key environmental issues. In the light of this case study, main limitations and barriers associated with
the application of LCA to setting ecolabelling criteria particularly in developing countries are discussed, including recommendations
on how to overcome them. 相似文献
92.
Yuki Sawai Kruawun Jankaew Maria E. Martin Amy Prendergast Montri Choowong Thasinee Charoentitirat 《Marine Micropaleontology》2009,73(1-2):70-79
Diatom assemblages in sandy deposits of the 2004 tsunami at Phra Thong Island, Thailand may provide clues to flow conditions during the tsunami. The tsunami deposits contain one or more beds that fine upward, commonly from medium sand to silty very fine sand. Diatom assemblages of the lowermost portion of the deposit predominantly comprise unbroken beach and subtidal species that live attached to sand grains. The dominant taxa shift to marine plankton species in the middle of the bed and to a mix of freshwater, brackish, and marine species near the top. These trends are consistent with expected changes in current velocities of tsunami through time. During high current velocities, medium sand is deposited; only beach and subtidal benthic diatoms attached to sediment can be incorporated into the tsunami deposit. High shear velocity keeps finer material, including planktonic diatoms in suspension. With decreasing current velocities, finer material including marine plankton can be deposited. Finally, during the lull between tsunami waves, the entrained freshwater, brackish, and marine species settle out with mud and plant trash. Low numbers of broken diatoms in the lower medium sand implies rapid entrainment and deposition, whilst selective breakage of marine plankton (Thalassionema nitzschioides, and Thalassiosira and Coscinodiscus spp.) in the middle portion of the deposit probably results from abrasion in the turbulent current before deposition. 相似文献
93.
Decline in skeletal growth of the coral Porites?lutea from the Andaman Sea, South Thailand between 1984 and 2005 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Of the few studies that have examined in situ coral growth responses to recent climate change, none have done so in equatorial
waters subject to relatively high sea temperatures (annual mean >27°C). This study compared the growth rate of Porites lutea from eight sites at Phuket, South Thailand between two time periods (December 1984–November 1986 and December 2003–November
2005). There was a significant decrease in coral calcification (23.5%) and linear extension rates (19.4–23.4%) between the
two sampling periods at a number of sites, while skeletal bulk density remained unchanged. Over the last 46 years, sea temperatures
(SST) in the area have risen at a rate of 0.161°C per decade (current seasonal temperature range 28–30°C) and regression analysis
of coral growth data is consistent with a link between rising temperature and reduced linear extension in the order of 46–56%
for every 1°C rise in SST. The apparent sensitivity of linear extension in P. lutea to increased SST suggests that corals in this part of the Andaman Sea may already be subjected to temperatures beyond their
thermal optimum for skeletal growth.
Communicated by Environment Editor Prof. Rob van Woesik 相似文献
94.
Tissue banking started in Thailand in 1979. Five years after this, the Bangkok Biomaterial Centre (BBC) was established in
the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, with the support of the IAEA program. The objective of the Centre was to provide
sterile bones and tissues for clinical use. Through the passage of time, the Bangkok Biomaterial Centre has gained confidence
from the end user and by 2007 has processed 33,872 allografts from 491 deceased donors and 4,035 live donors were used in
medical treatment in 3,596 patients in more than 79 different hospitals. More than 305 surgeons from Thailand used the tissue
produced in the BBC. At the beginning of its work the BBC concentrate its activities on the production of the following tissues:
freeze dried bone, freeze dried dura mater and freeze dried fascia lata. All of these tissues were sterilised using ethylene
oxide gas until the end of year 1984. Since 1985 the BBC sterilise tissue using ionising radiation. The BBC is now producing
deep-frozen; bone tendon, cartilage, trachea and soft tissue; freeze-dried; bone, fascia lata, dura mater, amniotic membrane,
bone hydroxyapatite, bone tablet and fresh preserved amniotic membrane
Yongyudh Vajaradul is a Founder of Bangkok Biomaterial Centre and also a President of TATB, Bangkok, Thailand.
Jorge Morales Pedraza is a former IAEA Interregional Project Manager, Vienna, Austria. 相似文献
95.
Examination of a collection of selenopid spiders from Southeast Asia resulted in recognition of a new genus, Siamspinops gen. nov., which is erected to accommodate four new Southeast Asian species. Siamspinops spinosissimus sp. nov. (the type species; the male and female are described), S. spinosus sp. nov. (female) and S. allospinosus sp. nov. (female) are recorded from Thailand, S. spinescens sp. nov. (female) from the Malay Peninsula. 相似文献
96.
Sasitorn Jindamorakot Shinya Ninomiya Savitree Limtong Wichien Yongmanitchai Manee Tuntirungkij Wanchern Potacharoen Kenji Tanaka Hiroko Kawasaki & Takashi Nakase 《FEMS yeast research》2009,9(8):1327-1337
In the course of a survey of yeast biodiversity in the natural substrates in Thailand, eight strains were found to represent three hitherto undescribed species of Hanseniaspora/Kloeckera . They were isolated from insect frass, flower, lichen, rotted fruit and rotted wood. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics, and sequences of D1/D2 domain, six strains represent a single species of the genus Hanseniaspora , described as Hanseniaspora thailandica sp. nov. (type BCC 14938T =NBRC 104216T =CBS 10841T ), and another strain as Hanseniaspora singularis sp. nov. (type BCC 15001T =NBRC 104214T =CBS 10840T ). A further strain, which belongs to Kloeckera and does not produce ascospores, is described as Kloeckera hatyaiensis sp. nov. (type BCC 14939T =NBRC 104215T =CBS 10842T ). Strains belonging to H. thailandica sp. nov. differed by 17–19 nucleotide substitutions from Hanseniaspora meyeri , the closest species. DNA reassociation between the two taxa showed 30–48% relatedness. Kloeckera hatyaiensis sp. nov. and H. singularis sp. nov. differed by eight and 16 nucleotide substitutions with one gap from the nearest species, Hanseniaspora clermontiae and Hanseniaspora valbyensis , respectively. 相似文献
97.
The recent excavation of a sample of 120 human skeletons from an Iron Age site in the valley of the Mun River, a tributary of the Mekong River on the Khorat Plateau in northeast Thailand, has provided the largest sample from this period in the region to date. This paper reviews three individuals from the sample with pathological changes for which the differential diagnosis includes systemic infectious disease. In two of these, both males with lesions of the hands and feet, leprosy and psoriatic arthritis are discussed as differential diagnoses, with leprosy the most probable. In the third, a female with lesions of the spine, the differential diagnosis includes tuberculosis and nonspecific osteomyelitis. Tuberculosis is the most probable diagnosis. Although the focus of this paper is a presentation of the evidence for infectious disease at Noen U-Loke, the significance of probable diagnoses of mycobacterial diseases for the history of the diseases and for prehistory in mainland Southeast Asia is also briefly discussed. 相似文献
98.
Nair S Brockman A Paiphun L Nosten F Anderson TJ 《International journal for parasitology》2002,32(7):852-858
Current methods used to genotype point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum genes involved in resistance to antifolate drugs include restriction digestion of PCR products, allele-specific amplification or sequencing. Here we demonstrate that known point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase can be scored quickly and accurately by single-nucleotide primer extension and detection of florescent products on a capillary sequencer. We use this method to genotype parasites in natural infections from the Thai-Myanmar border. This approach could greatly simplify large-scale screening of resistance mutations of the type required for evaluating and updating antimalarial drug treatment policies. The method can be easily adapted to other P. falciparum genes and will greatly simplify scoring of point mutations in this and other parasitic organisms. 相似文献
99.
100.
In 2000 and 2001, dugong abundance was estimated using aerial surveys in three provinces along the Andaman coast of Thailand. A microlite aircraft was used to fly aerial transects over seagrass areas. All surveys were done during rising tides as the dugongs came to the seagrass beds to feed. The largest population was found in Trang province. In Trang, the total number of sightings during 22 surveys was 264, out of which 31.5% were single dugongs. The largest group seen in 2000 was 30, and in 2001, 53. The maximum number of calves seen in one day was 13. The best minimum estimate of population abundance is 123 animals (CV = 60.8%) in Trang province. Higher numbers of dugong sightings and group sizes corresponded with higher tides until water turbidity impeded sightings after the highest spring tide. In other areas the number of animals seen was too small for population estimates. 相似文献