南方红豆杉野生种与栽培品种‘金锡杉’针叶代谢物的比较分析

利用广泛靶向代谢组的方法对相同生境下南方红豆杉野生种(Taxuswallichiana var.mairei)及栽培品种‘金锡杉’(Taxus wallichiana var.maireicv.‘Jinxishan’)针叶中代谢物含量差异进行分析。结果表明:(1)在野生种和栽培品种的针叶提取物中,共鉴定出689种代谢物并获得其相应的积分定量值,包括初生代谢物326种、次生代谢物334种和其他类成分29种。(2)定量分析结果显示,有71种代谢物在两种红豆杉中的表达差异显著,这些差异代谢物主要富集在糖代谢、脂质合成等初生代谢途径,以及黄酮类合成等次生代谢途径中。(3)在‘金锡杉’针叶中,大多数氨基酸(5种)和黄酮类代谢物(10种)含量远高于野生种,而糖代谢(3种)、脂类合成(4种)及TCA循环(3种)途径中的差异代谢物含量均远低于野生种。研究认为‘金锡杉’针叶中黄酮类次生代谢物含量升高归因于苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸代谢途径的协同调控,从而增强‘金锡杉’对外界环境的适应性;而‘金锡杉’中低含量的,涉及糖代谢、脂类生物合成以及TCA循环等途径的代谢物造成的能量供应不足,则通过合成大量的氨基酸类物质来维持平衡。     

南方红豆杉谱系地理学研究

通过对南方红豆杉18个居群499个个体叶绿体基因组的trnL-F片段进行RFLP分析,共检测到6个叶绿体DNA单倍型,其中除台湾居群外的17个居群都包含有单倍型H1和H2;黄山及临安居群除单倍型H1、H2外,还分别各有1个特有单倍型。谱系关系分析显示,单倍型H1、H2为较古老的祖先单倍型。AMOVA分析显示,变异主要存在于居群内,居群间的遗传分化程度较低(26.39%)。嵌套分支分析(NCA)显示,单倍型分布与地理分布存在轻度的地理相关性,南方红豆杉现在的遗传结构可能源于居群的片段化效应,台湾居群可能是由于曾经的居群片段化而隔离或长距离扩散所致;在第四纪冰期,中国东、南部地区可能存在2个以上南方红豆杉的避难所。     

Genetic engineering of taxol biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baccatin III, an intermediate of Taxol biosynthesis and a useful precursor for semisynthesis of the anti-cancer drug, is produced in yew (Taxus) species by a sequence of 15 enzymatic steps from primary metabolism. Ten genes encoding enzymes of this extended pathway have been described, thereby permitting a preliminary attempt to reconstruct early steps of taxane diterpenoid (taxoid) metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial production host. Eight of these taxoid biosynthetic genes were functionally expressed in yeast from episomal vectors containing one or more gene cassettes incorporating various epitope tags to permit protein surveillance and differentiation of those pathway enzymes of similar size. All eight recombinant proteins were readily detected by immunoblotting using specific monoclonal antibodies and each expressed protein was determined to be functional by in vitro enzyme assay, although activity levels differed considerably between enzyme types. Using three plasmids carrying different promoters and selection markers, genes encoding five sequential pathway steps leading from primary isoprenoid metabolism to the intermediate taxadien-5alpha- acetoxy-10beta-ol were installed in a single yeast host. Metabolite analysis showed that yeast isoprenoid precursors could be utilized in the reconstituted pathway because products accumulated from the first two engineered pathway steps (leading to the committed intermediate taxadiene); however, a pathway restriction was encountered at the first cytochrome P450 hydroxylation step. The means of overcoming this limitation are described in the context of further development of this novel approach for production of Taxol precursors and related taxoids in yeast.     

不同地理种源云南红豆杉的遗传多样性与紫杉醇含量相关性分析

应用AFLP和HPLC方法研究了云南红豆杉（Taxus wallichiana var．wdlwhiana）的遗传多样性与紫杉醇含量之间的关系。AFLP指纹图谱显示7个居群谱带明显分为两种式样。PopGenel．31和Arlequin3．1软件分析结果表明：云南红豆杉居群内遗传比较稳定,居群间遗传分化极其显著（L=0．67）。测定当年生小枝叶紫杉醇含量结果表明：紫杉醇含量在居群间和居群内个体差异都较大。天然林中潞西居群的紫杉醇平均含量为0．0185％;腾冲和永德居群的紫杉醇含量比较低,分别为0．0049％和0．0087％;禄丰栽培居群紫杉醇含量比较高,平均为0．0225％。在居群水平上,遗传多样性和紫杉醇含量有一定程度的关联,但在个体水平上明显无对应关系。     

红豆杉细胞稳定生产紫杉醇中的同步化协同诱导作用

同步化协同诱导可以稳定提高曼地亚红豆杉细胞培养物中紫杉醇含量。细胞培养周期第8d的低温同步化处理可促使细胞达到最高同步化率（20.4%）,而茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）的协同诱导可提高紫杉醇产量,使紫杉醇产量最高值达到54.7mg·L^-1。在细胞生长周期第8d,未经低温同步化的红豆杉细胞中的关键酶基因DXR、HMGR、GGPPS和DBAT的表达量在MJ诱导24h后均迅速下降,但在低温同步化的细胞中紫杉醇表达量下降缓慢,60h后仍维持较高的水平。低温同步化和MJ协同诱导的红豆杉细胞中,紫杉醇合成关键酶基因高效稳定的表达可能是引起紫杉醇产量稳定提高的原因之一。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium solani</Emphasis>, Tax-3, a new endophytic taxol-producing fungus from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis>

An endophytic fungus, Tax-3, was isolated from barks of Taxus chinensis grown in the Qinba mountains, China. The strain was classified into Fusarium solani based on the morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogenetics inferred from the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences with the sequence similarity values of 100%. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay showed the F. solani, Tax-3, produced taxol with a higher yield of 163.35 μg/L in the reformative potato dextrose liquid medium (d), revealing its potential applications for taxol production. Bai Wan Deng and Kai Hui Liu contributed equally to this work.     

Microsatellite loci from Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Taxaceae), an endangered and economically important tree species in China

Taxus chinensis var.mairei is an endangered and economically important tree species in China.Four polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and characterized using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol.Polymorphism of each locus was quantified for five natural populations from Hubei Province,China.The number of alleles per locus varied from 6 to 24.The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.493-1.000 and 0.440-0.845,respectively.These are the first microsatellites reported for the family of Taxaceae and will be helpful for the ongoing population and conservation genetics research of Taxus chinensis var.mairei.     

利用RNAi抑制曼地亚红豆杉细胞紫杉烷14β-羟基化酶基因的表达

目的：利用RNA干扰技术抑制紫杉烷14β-羟基化酶(简称14OH)基因的表达。方法：以曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus×media)为材料,通过农杆菌介导的双元载体转化系统将针对14OH基因构建的RNA干扰载体导入该植物细胞中。应用PCR-Southern技术对转基因细胞进行了鉴定。另外,利用RT-PCR技术检测14OH基因mRNA表达水平,并采用HPLC技术对转基因细胞系中三种C-14氧取代的紫杉烷成分进行测定。结果：Southern检测证实转基因实验获得成功,RT-PCR结果表明转基因细胞系中14OH基因mRNA表达水平与对照组相比显著下降,HPLC分析显示C-14氧取代的紫杉烷含量也有明显降低。结论：该RNA干扰技术有效地抑制了曼地亚红豆杉细胞内14OH基因的表达,有望为提高紫杉醇的生物合成产量提供一条新途径。     

曼地亚红豆杉细胞系的建立与评价

红豆杉(Taxus)细胞内紫杉醇的含量低且不稳定,限制了利用细胞培养大规模生产紫杉醇的产业化进程。以紫杉醇含量较高的曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus m edia)为试材,诱导得到了曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织,在添加抗坏血酸(VC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、活性炭(activated carbon)的改良B5培养基上,15次反复继代培养后获得了高产紫杉醇的细胞系。对新建立的曼地亚红豆杉细胞系(MC)与同期诱导的东北红豆杉细胞系(NC)及实验室继代多年的中国红豆杉细胞系(SC)在细胞生长周期、紫杉醇含量和细胞死亡率等方面进行了分析比较。结果表明,SC的生长量达5.9倍,高于MC和NC的3.6和4.2倍。在初始接种量相近的情况下,MC的悬浮培养细胞在一个周期内紫杉醇产量可达9.5 mg/L,经过茉莉酸甲酯(M J)诱导后可达到41 mg/L。