粳稻特殊广亲和系GC13的遗传分析及利用研究

粳稻品种GCl3对亚种内亲和力弱,而对亚种间亲和力强,因此特称之为特殊广亲和系(Special wide compatibility variety,SWCV)。广亲和基因等住性和遗传规律研究结果表明,GCl3的广亲和性主效基因效应明显,同时受微效基因修饰,与已知的S7、S9、S15三个育性基因住点之一等位。GCl3可与培矮64S等籼型光敏核不育系配组育成亚种间杂交稻;GCl3是粳型恢复基因源,从其杂交后代中选育出的偏粳(K’)型或偏籼(H’)型通用恢复系GR209、GR220和GR238等,对“野败”、“矮败”等多种不育细胞质和培矮64S等光敏核不育系具有强恢复性,配制出的“三系”或“二系”杂交稻具有高产潜力和利用前景。     

近三年来国内昆虫生理生化与分子生物学重要研究进展评述

作者收集了近3年来国内科学家在国际刊物上发表的重要论文,对这些工作给予了简要的介绍和评论。最近两年我国的昆虫生理生化与分子生物学研究和过去相比,取得了长足的进步,特别在基因测序（基因组、表达序列标签）、基因组的分子标记和利用基因组序列开展相关研究等方面进步尤为显著。但是和国际水平相比差距依然很大,如在克隆新的、重要的基因方面远远落后,鉴定基因的功能方面比较薄弱等。通过比较,既看到了该领域国内工作取得的成绩,也清楚地看到和国际一流水平相比存在的巨大差距,期待我国科学家鼓足勇气,凝炼目标和方向,在今后的研究中取得更新、更大的进步。     

Dietary patterns in Perrier's sifakas (Propithecus diadema perrieri): a preliminary study

Some lemur species range into only one habitat type, whereas others range into a variety of habitats. Because plant community structure can differ between habitats, dietary patterns may vary for conspecific groups of primates that range into more than one type of habitat. The goal of our study was to determine how habitat variation influences dietary patterns in Perrier's sifakas (Propithecus diadema perrieri) that range into both dry and riparian forests in northern Madagascar. We collected 542 hr of data on the behavior and diet of two groups of P.d. perrieri from 7 June to 4 August 1998 at Camp Antobiratsy in Analamera Special Reserve, Madagascar. We computed indices of dietary diversity for each group and dietary/plant species similarity between groups. P.d. perrieri in group 1 fed predominantly in dry forest (72.7% of feeding records, n=660), whereas those in group 2 fed most often in riparian forest (73.7% of feeding records, n=666). The index of dietary similarity (0.986) was significantly higher than the index of plant species similarity (0.767). Although the P.d. perrieri in the two study groups fed predominantly in different forest habitats, they ate similar food items in very comparable proportions (but not from the same plant species). However, based on habitat availability measures, neither group fed where they were expected to feed.     

特殊酵母工业应用专利发展态势分析

特殊酵母作为区别于传统酵母之外的一类生物资源,具有广泛的工业应用前景。基于incoPat数据库收录的专利数据,以特殊酵母工业应用领域的专利为研究对象,从专利分析的角度,揭示了全球特殊酵母工业应用领域技术创新的发展态势、技术分布、主要申请机构、研究热点以及各类特殊酵母的应用优势等。结果表明:全球特殊酵母工业应用领域的专利公开数量在2001~2020年期间整体呈不断增长的趋势,并在2019年达到峰值;专利保护区域主要为美、中、韩、日、欧等国家或地区,其中国内外申请机构的研发侧重点各有不同,以帝斯曼、纳幕尔杜邦、诺维信等为代表的国外工业生物技术公司注重特殊酵母基础技术的知识产权保护,以江南大学为代表的国内科研院校比较注重毕赤酵母应用技术的开发。重点分析了特殊酵母工业应用领域近年来各类特殊酵母在不同技术分支和创新程度上的差异,旨在为我国特殊酵母工业应用领域科研决策和科研工作提供参考。     

国际植硅体命名法规(International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0)的介绍与讨论

随着植硅体分析的广泛应用,植硅体命名规范化已经成：勾趋势。文章对国际植硅体命名法规中植硅体类型划分、命名和描述的方法与术语进行介绍,提供部分中文对应译名,并对该法规中存在的问题进行探讨,以期引起国内学术界的重视,为我国植硅体命名规范化提供参考。     

Conservation Management of the Mixed Species Nontimber Forest Product of “moss”—Are they Harvesting What we <Emphasis Type="Italic">think</Emphasis> they’re Harvesting?

Management to preserve biodiversity while allowing resource extraction must be tailored to the taxa impacted by harvest. Yet millions of kilograms of mosses, liverworts, some lichens and an occasional vascular plant are harvested from the forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America each year without an adequate understanding of which species are impacted by harvest. Research has focused on epiphytic bryophytes as the primary target of harvest, but the habitats and substrates actually impacted by harvest and the species sold as “moss” have never been determined. To determine if the species being researched are the same as those that are actually sold, we compared the relative abundance and species composition of 17 commercially sold bags of moss with those from 33 field sites in the Oregon Coast and Cascade Ranges on which moss harvest research had previously been conducted. Most species found in the purchased bags had been previously reported from the field studies of what were thought to be commercially harvestable species, including all of the most frequently harvested taxa. However, several new species were found to be commercially harvested and more log and valley hardwood species were found than were previously believed to be harvested. Proper management will require harvest impact studies for the species found in these additional habitats. All nontimber forest products involving mixtures of various species should be periodically surveyed at the point of sale to determine which species are actually being harvested.     

There May be Strict Empirical Laws in Biology, after All

This paper consists of four parts. Part 1 is an introduction. Part 2 evaluates arguments for the claim that there are no strict empirical laws in biology. I argue that there are two types of arguments for this claim and they are as follows: (1) Biological properties are multiply realized and they require complex processes. For this reason, it is almost impossible to formulate strict empirical laws in biology. (2) Generalizations in biology hold contingently but laws go beyond describing contingencies, so there cannot be strict laws in biology. I argue that both types of arguments fail. Part 3 considers some examples of biological laws in recent biological research and argues that they exemplify strict laws in biology. Part 4 considers the objection that the examples in part 3 may be strict laws but they are not distinctively biological laws. I argue that given a plausible account of what distinctively biological means, such laws are distinctively biological.     

Biological components of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wales

The designation of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) is one of the major statutory measures for wildlife protection in Britain. In this account, procedures for selecting SSSIs are outlined, and the representation of habitats and species in different taxonomic groups which qualify 731 SSSIs notified in Wales (in November 1994) are summarized. Biological SSSIs occupy approximately 9.6% of the total area of Wales. There are significant differences in the numbers and sizes of sites characteristic in the uplands (few large), lowlands (many small) and coast (intermediate). Over 70% of the biological SSSIs have more than one qualifying feature. Most sites (663, 90%) have been selected for one or more habitats, and many sites (328, 45%) have particular species attributes. In relation to their total extent in Wales, some habitats (including ombrotrophic peatland, dwarf-shrub heathland, rich fen and sand dune) have greater proportional representation in SSSIs than others (such as upland grassland, woodland and scrub). These differences reflect conservation priorities for Welsh habitats which are related to the wider British context. As expected, birds and vascular plants contribute to notification of a greater number of sites than other groups; invertebrates, lichens and bryophytes qualify in some sites and require further evaluation in others; except for bats, mammals are comparatively poorly represented as special features. Birds qualify many of the largest SSSIs in Wales (breeding assemblages in the uplands and overwintering wildfowl and waders in estuaries). Possibilities for future refinement of the SSSI series are considered. It is suggested that the establishment of conservation sites is sufficiently advanced in Britain to permit worthwhile examination of the composition and function of the network as a whole against conservation objectives.