Static magnetic field exposure fails to affect the viability of different bacteria strains

The viability of the microbes Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus circulans, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus was tested under static magnetic field exposure up to 24 h in either a homogeneous (159.2 ± 13.4 mT) or three types of inhomogeneous static magnetic fields: (i) peak‐to‐peak magnetic flux density 476.7 ± 0.1 mT with a lateral magnetic flux density gradient of 47.7 T/m, (ii) 12.0 ± 0.1 mT with 1.2 T/m, or (iii) 2.8 ± 0.1 mT with 0.3 T/m. Even the longest period of exposure failed to produce any effect in the growth of bacteriae that could be correlated with static magnetic field exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 31:220–225, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

一株沙门氏菌拮抗菌的筛选及其在污染土壤原位修复中的应用

利用无菌滤纸片平板法从沙门氏菌(Salmonella)污染土壤中筛选到一株有效拮抗沙门氏菌的细菌A45,通过形态学、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)。温室土培试验和田间原位试验结果都发现,利用该菌株制备的沙门氏菌拮抗菌剂能显著降低土壤中沙门氏菌数量(P0.05),与对照相比土壤中沙门氏菌数量下降2-3个数量级,表明该拮抗细菌可应用于沙门氏菌污染土壤的修复。     

自噬对鼠伤寒沙门菌所致的巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌与巨噬细胞共作用时细胞自噬对凋亡的影响,用加入自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA)和未加RAPA的RPMI1640过夜培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞J774A.1,以携带一分子量为100kb毒力质粒的鼠伤寒沙门菌标准毒株SR-11为受试菌。首先测定RAPA对菌量及细胞活性的影响,然后建立细胞感染模型,在细菌与细胞共作用后动态观察24h,不同时间点检测细胞超微结构变化、自噬泡的形成、Beclin-1和Bcl-2的表达、细胞存活率和胞内活菌计数以及细胞凋亡情况。结果显示,RAPA单独作用于细菌或细胞时菌量及细胞活性均无变化;而对细胞感染模型而言,RAPA作用与否细胞内的细菌数及细胞存活率均有显著改变,RAPA可明显降低细胞内活菌数及其所致的巨噬细胞凋亡率(P0.05);RAPA干预组在细菌与细胞共作用早期,部分细菌可被双层膜包裹形成自噬泡,细胞超微结构正常;Beclin-1的表达量增加,而Bcl-2的表达量降低;后期细胞破坏程度明显轻于未用RAPA组。以上结果提示,通过调控细胞自噬水平以减轻宿主细胞凋亡,可作为防治某些感染性疾病的新途径。     

Changes in the proteome of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson as stress adaptation to sublethal concentrations of thymol

Thymol is a natural biocide and component of some essential oils from herbs. Its inhibitory effect on the growth of different microorganisms is well documented. The precise targets of the antibacterial action of thymol is not yet been fully established, the action seems to take place in different ways. The strain Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson MCV1 was grown in the presence of a sublethal concentration (0.01%) of thymol. The proteins extracted from treated and untreated cells were subjected to 2‐D PAGE, followed by in‐gel spot digestion and subsequent MALDI‐TOF analysis. The analysis of gels showed many proteins that were either upregulated or downregulated by the presence of thymol, with significant changes in proteins belonging to different functional classes. In particular, the thioredoxin‐1 was not expressed in the treated cells, indicating that its absence could be a consequence of the stress caused by the presence of thymol. On the other hand, different chaperon proteins were upregulated or de novo synthesis such as GroEL and DnaK, key proteins in the protection mechanism toward thermal stress. Outer membrane proteins were upregulated in treated cells; indeed the bacterial envelope stress response is trigged by the accumulation of misfolded outer membrane proteins. Moreover, the thymol seems to impair the citrate metabolic pathway, as well as many enzymes involved in the synthesis of ATP. Definitely, thymol plays a role in altering very different pathways of cell metabolism.     

表达T~+Pm保护性抗原的重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株的构建及其生物学特性

【目的】本研究利用Asd+平衡致死系统构建表达巴氏杆菌毒素(Pasteurella multocida toxin,PMT)的重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌株,并对重组菌株的生物学特性进行比较研究。【方法和结果】通过基因克隆的方法构建表达PMT的重组质粒pYA-PmtC,再将其电转化减毒猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500的asd基因缺失株C501,构建口服活疫苗菌株C501(pYA-PmtC)。研究结果表明重组菌株C501(pYA-PmtC)的生化特性、血清型和生长速度与亲本菌株C500一致;在没有选择压力的条件下,C501(pYA-PmtC)能够稳定遗传重组质粒及其外源基因片段,并能稳定、高效、分泌性表达30.5kDa的外源保护性抗原rPmtC。C501(pYA-PmtC)腹腔感染BALB/c小鼠的LD50为8.5×106CFU,毒力稍低于C500(LD50为4.4×106CFU);口服接种C501(pYA-PmtC)和C500的所有仔猪未见任何发病症状,两者没有显著差别。【结论】本研究利用Asd+平衡致死系统的原理构建表达T+Pm保护性抗原重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌弱毒菌株C501(pYA-PmtC),为进一步开发猪萎缩性鼻炎-副伤寒的双价基因工程疫苗奠定基础。     

陕西食源性沙门氏菌耐药及相关基因

【目的】研究食源性沙门氏菌对常用抗生素的药敏性及相关耐药基因,更好的了解耐药性的产生和传播途径,确保食品安全。【方法】使用the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute推荐的琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,PCR和基因序列测定方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中整合子及其携带的耐药基因、与头孢菌素抗性相关的基因、沙门氏菌基因岛及与氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药相关的基因突变。【结果】359株沙门氏菌中,67%的菌株对磺胺甲恶唑产生抗性,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、四环素、卡那霉素、萘啶酮酸、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、链霉素、氯霉素和庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、头孢西丁和头孢哌酮的耐药率分别为58%、56%、37%、35%、33%、32%、29%、26%、21%、16%、9%和8%。284株耐药菌中,79%的菌株可抗至少1种抗生素,25.9%可抗10种以上抗生素,2.5%可抗14种抗生素。耐药的Ⅰ类整合子以1.4kb最为常见,携带的耐药基因有aadA1、aadA2、aadA5、tetR、blaPSE-1、blaDHA-1、blaVEB-1、dhfrⅠ、dhfrⅤ、dhfrⅦ和dhfr17等。62株耐头孢曲松和/或头孢哌酮的沙门氏菌中,blaTEM和blaCMY-2基因的检出率分别为51.6%和56.5%。13.6%的沙门氏菌中检出了沙门氏菌基因岛。35株耐氟喹诺酮类抗生素的沙门氏菌的gyrA、parC和parE基因中共检出68个点突变,gyrA基因中常见突变为Ser83Phe、Ser83Tyr、Asp87Gly和Asp87Asn,parC基因中为Ser80Arg。parE基因中检出了Lys441Ile、Lys428Gln、Asp494Asn、Lys428Gln和Gly442Ser突变,这些点突变均为首次在食源性沙门氏菌中检出。【结论】陕西食源性沙门氏菌耐药状况严重,整合子、沙门氏菌基因岛和β-内酰胺酶编码基因的存在及解旋酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变是导致沙门氏菌耐药的重要机制。     

aroA and aroD mutations influence biofilm formation in Salmonella Enteritidis

aro mutants of Salmonella enterica are frequently used as live vaccines for the oral vaccination of domestic animals. Interestingly, besides their auxotrophy, they appear to be of reduced resistance to the components of innate immune response due to a defect in outer membrane and/or cell wall integrity. Because different extracellular structures associated with the cell wall or outer membrane are involved in biofilm formation, we were interested in the ability of aroA and aroD mutants of S . Enteritidis to adhere to solid surfaces. We found that aroA and aroD mutants did not adhere to solid surfaces although they bind Congo red and produced d -mannose and d -glucose capsular polysaccharides in the same amounts as the wild-type strain. However, the aro mutants exhibited a decreased production of cellulose, N -acetyl- d -glucosamine or N -acetylneuraminic acid containing capsular polysaccharide and fimbriae which explains their inability to form biofilms. aroA and aroD containing plasmids complemented all the defects of the aro mutants. Beside its attenuation for different hosts, the loss of ability to form biofilm is an additional interesting characteristic of aro mutants.     

Comparison of environmental sampling methods for detecting Salmonella in commercial laying flocks in the UK

Aims: To investigate the performance of the Salmonella National Control Programme (NCP) sampling/testing methods in laying flocks of domestic fowl. Methods and Results: Eighty‐five visits were made to 69 flocks representative of the main production systems (cage, barn and free‐range) infected with Salmonella. In each visit, three methodologies were compared: (i) the European Union (EU) baseline survey method (five faeces and two dust samples); (ii) an in‐house (Veterinary Laboratories Agency, VLA) ‘wet’ method that involved collecting 10 dust and 10 faeces samples into jars with buffered peptone water; and (iii) a method involving two samples of pooled faeces and one of dust (cultured as one sample of each type), which has been adopted for the NCP for laying flocks across the EU. Conclusions: The ‘wet’ method was the most sensitive, and the NCP the least, although individual NCP samples were the most sensitive ones. Significance and Impact of the Study: The apparent lower sensitivity of the NCP method may be compensated by repeated sampling of flocks (twice during rear and several times during lay). Sampling using VLA methodology should be advocated for farms aiming to disclose low‐level Salmonella before restrictions on the sale of eggs from Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium‐infected flocks are in place.     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on artificially or naturally contaminated mung beans (Vigna radiata L) using a stabilized oxychloro-based sanitizer

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of a stabilized oxychloro-based (SOC) sanitizer to decontaminate mung beans artificially or naturally contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella. METHODS AND RESULTS: Naturally contaminated beans were produced by introducing a five-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella onto the flowers of growing mung bean plants. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was only sporadically recovered from sprout lots (three testing positive from 10 tested) derived from harvested beans. In contrast, Salmonella was recovered from 18 of 20 lots screened. Pathogens present on naturally contaminated seed could be successfully inactivated with SOC applied at 200 ppm for 24 h at 28 degrees C. SOC treatment could also decontaminate artificially inoculated mung bean batches containing different levels of contaminated seed. SOC inactivated E. coli O157:H7, but not Salmonella introduced onto damaged (scarified) beans. CONCLUSIONS: SOC sanitizer could inactivate Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 naturally or artificially introduced onto mung beans. However, the SOC treatment failed to inactivate Salmonella introduced onto damaged mung beans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: SOC sanitizer represents an effective method for decontaminating undamaged mung beans.     

A capillary polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella detection from poultry meat

AIMS: In this study, a capillary polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) was applied for Salmonella detection from poultry meat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Salmonella detection limits of the optimized cPCR were determined with DNA templates from the samples of tetrathionate broth (TTB), Rappaport Vassiliadis broth (RVB) and selenite cystine broth (SCB) artificially contaminated with 10-fold dilutions of 6 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of pure Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteritidis 64K stock culture. Detection limits of cPCR from TTB, RVB and SCB were found as 6, 6 x 10(1) and 6 x 10(4) CFU ml(-1), respectively. In addition, detection limits of bacteriology were also determined as 6 CFU ml(-1) with TTB and SCB, and 6 x 10(1) CFU ml(-1) with RVB. A total of 200 samples, consisting of 100 chicken and 100 turkey meat samples, were tested with optimized cPCR and bacteriology. Eight and six per cent of the chicken meat samples were found to harbour Salmonella by cPCR and standard bacteriology, respectively. Of six Salmonella isolates, four belonged to serogroup D, two to serogroup B. CONCLUSIONS: The TTB cultures of both artificially and naturally contaminated samples were found to be superior to those of RVB and SCB cultures in their cPCR results. This cPCR, utilizing template from 18-h TTB primary enrichment broth culture, takes approximately 40 min in the successful detection of Salmonella from poultry meat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that cPCR from TTB enrichment culture of poultry meat would enable rapid detection of Salmonella in laboratories with low sample throughput and limited budget.