Relating life‐history traits,environmental constraints and local extinctions in river fish

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小兴安岭凉水自然保护区蝶类多样性

2012—2013年选取原始阔叶红松林、人工林、天然次生林和灌丛草甸4种典型植被生境,对小兴安岭凉水自然保护区的蝶类进行了系统研究。共捕获蝶类1438头,分属7科47属76种,4种植被生境中蝶类群落优势类群均为蛱蝶科,不同生境蝶类群落相似性与生境植被类型密切相关。计算分析了4种植被生境中蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度、优势度指数、均匀度指数和种-多度关系,结果表明:3种森林生境蝶类多样性大于灌丛草甸,原始阔叶红松林蝶类具有最高的多样性指数、较高的物种丰富度、均匀度指数以及最低的优势度指数,种-多度分布为对数正态分布,说明环境质量优越,最适合蝶类生存和繁衍;灌丛草甸蝶类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和均匀度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高,种-多度分布为对数级数分布,反映植物群落结构较单一,适合各种蝶类生存和繁衍的资源不足;天然次生林蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度高于人工林,均匀度小于人工林,但前者种-多度分布为对数级数模型,后者为对数正态模型,说明在封山育林状态下,对森林植被组成进行适当合理的干扰,有利于森林的健康发展     

环境DNA技术在地下生态学中的应用

地下生态过程是生态系统结构、功能和过程研究中最不确定的因素。由于技术和方法的限制,作为"黑箱"的地下生态系统已经成为限制生态学发展的瓶颈,也是未来生态学发展的主要方向。环境DNA技术,是指从土壤等环境样品中直接提取DNA片段,然后通过DNA测序技术来定性或定量化目标生物,以确定目标生物在生态系统中的分布及功能特征。环境DNA技术已成功用于地下生态过程的研究。目前,环境DNA技术在土壤微生物多样性及其功能方面的研究相对成熟,克服了土壤微生物研究中不能培养的问题,可以有效地分析土壤微生物的群落组成、多样性及空间分布,尤其是宏基因组学技术的发展,使得微生物生态功能方面的研究成为可能;而且,环境DNA技术已经在土壤动物生态学的研究中得到了初步应用,可快速分析土壤动物的多样性及其分布特征,更有效地鉴定出未知的或稀少的物种,鉴定土壤动物类群的幅度较宽;部分研究者通过提取分析土壤中DNA片段信息对生态系统植物多样性及植物分类进行了研究,其结果比传统的植物分类及物种多样性测定更精确,改变了以往对植物群落物种多样性模式的理解。同时,环境DNA技术克服传统根系研究方法中需要洗根、分根、只能测定单物种根系的局限,降低根系研究中细根区分的误差,并探索性地用于细根生物量的研究。主要综述了基于环境DNA技术的分子生物学方法在土壤微生物多样性及功能、土壤动物多样性、地下植物多样性及根系生态等地下生态过程研究中的应用进展。环境DNA技术对于以土壤微生物、土壤动物及地下植物根系为主体的地下生态学过程的研究具有革命性意义,并展现出良好的应用前景。可以预期,分子生物学技术与传统的生态学研究相结合将成为未来地下生态学研究的一个发展趋势。     

土壤动物多样性及其生态功能

土壤无脊椎动物生物量通常小于土壤生物总生物量的10%,但它们种类丰富,取食行为及生活史策略多种多样,且土壤动物之间,土壤动物与微生物之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系。土壤动物的生态功能主要通过取食作用(trophic effect)和非取食作用(non-trophic effect)来实现。原生动物数量大、周转快,故原生动物本身的代谢活动(即取食作用)对碳氮矿化的贡献可以接近甚至超过细菌的贡献;然而大多数中小型土壤动物的本身代谢过程对碳氮矿化的贡献远低于土壤微生物,但它们可以通过取食作用来调节微生物进而影响碳氮的矿化。大型节肢动物中的蜘蛛和地表甲虫等捕食者经常活跃于地表,它们常常会通过级联效应对土壤生态系统产生重要的影响。蚯蚓、白蚁等大型土壤动物除可以通过取食作用以外,还可以通过非取食作用调控土壤微生物,进而显著影响土壤碳氮过程。土壤动物取食行为的多样性和复杂的非营养关系的存在造就了多维度的土壤食物网,给土壤动物的生态功能研究带来了巨大的挑战。介绍了土壤动物的多样性及主要的生态功能,并对研究的热点和前沿问题进行了探讨,以期引起关于土壤动物多样性及其生态功能的深入思考。     

Contributions to the knowledge of oribatid mites (Acari,Oribatida) of Indonesia. 3. The genus Galumna (Galumnidae) with description of a new subgenus and seven new species

Seven new species of oribatid mites of the genus Galumna are described from litter and soil materials of Sumatra, Indonesia. A new subgenus, Galumna (Atypicogalumna) subgen. n., is proposed; it differs from all galumnid genera and subgenera by the simultaneous presence of porose areas and sacculi on the notogaster (vs. either porose areas or sacculi present). Galumna (Galumna) calva Starý, 1997 is recorded for the first time in the Oriental region, and Galumna (Galumna) sabahna Mahunka, 1995 is recorded for the first time in the Indonesian fauna.     

Updated list of Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa

Understanding the abundance and richness of species is one of the most fundamental steps in effecting their conservation. Despite global recognition of the significance of the below-ground component of diversity for ecosystem functioning, the soil remains a poorly studied terrestrial ecosystem. In South Africa, knowledge is increasing for a variety of soil faunal groups, but many still remain poorly understood. We have started to address this gap in the knowledge of South African soil biodiversity by focusing on the Collembola in an integrated project that encompasses systematics, barcoding and ecological assessments. Here we provide an updated list of the Collembola species from South Africa. A total of 124 species from 61 genera and 17 families has been recorded, of which 75 are considered endemic, 24 widespread, and 25 introduced. This total number of species excludes the 36 species we consider to be dubious. From the published data, Collembola species richness is high compared to other African countries, but low compared to European countries. This is largely a consequence of poor sampling in the African region, as our discovery of many new species in South Africa demonstrates. Our analyses also show that much ongoing work will be required before a reasonably comprehensive and spatially explicit picture of South Africa’s springtail fauna can be provided, which may well exceed 1000 species. Such work will be necessary to help South Africa meet its commitments to biodiversity conservation, especially in the context of the 2020 Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Arctic warming: nonlinear impacts of sea‐ice and glacier melt on seabird foraging

Arctic climate change has profound impacts on the cryosphere, notably via shrinking sea‐ice cover and retreating glaciers, and it is essential to evaluate and forecast the ecological consequences of such changes. We studied zooplankton‐feeding little auks (Alle alle), a key sentinel species of the Arctic, at their northernmost breeding site in Franz‐Josef Land (80°N), Russian Arctic. We tested the hypothesis that little auks still benefit from pristine arctic environmental conditions in this remote area. To this end, we analysed remote sensing data on sea‐ice and coastal glacier dynamics collected in our study area across 1979–2013. Further, we recorded little auk foraging behaviour using miniature electronic tags attached to the birds in the summer of 2013, and compared it with similar data collected at three localities across the Atlantic Arctic. We also compared current and historical data on Franz‐Josef Land little auk diet, morphometrics and chick growth curves. Our analyses reveal that summer sea‐ice retreated markedly during the last decade, leaving the Franz‐Josef Land archipelago virtually sea‐ice free each summer since 2005. This had a profound impact on little auk foraging, which lost their sea‐ice‐associated prey. Concomitantly, large coastal glaciers retreated rapidly, releasing large volumes of melt water. Zooplankton is stunned by cold and osmotic shock at the boundary between glacier melt and coastal waters, creating new foraging hotspots for little auks. Birds therefore switched from foraging at distant ice‐edge localities, to highly profitable feeding at glacier melt‐water fronts within <5 km of their breeding site. Through this behavioural plasticity, little auks maintained their chick growth rates, but showed a 4% decrease in adult body mass. Our study demonstrates that arctic cryosphere changes may have antagonistic ecological consequences on coastal trophic flow. Such nonlinear responses complicate modelling exercises of current and future polar ecosystem dynamics.     

钦州湾大型底栖动物生态学研究

通过2008年~2009年在钦州湾及附近海域进行的4个航次的大型底栖动物调查,共获大型底栖动物8门62科94种,软体类最多,其次为多毛类,种类季节变化较大。以优势度指数Y>0.02为判别标准,调查区春季优势种为方格皱纹蛤（Periglypta lacerata (Hanley)）、刺足掘沙蟹（Scalopidia spinosipes Stimpsom）和独齿围沙蚕（Perinereis cultrifera Grube）,夏季优势种为方格皱纹蛤、刺足掘沙蟹和持真节虫,秋季优势种为曲波皱纹蛤和网纹藤壶,冬季优势种为肋鲳螺和方格皱纹蛤。春、夏季优势种变化不大,秋、冬季优势种变化较大,除方格皱纹蛤外均为季节特有种。海区底栖生物平均总密度和平均总生物量分别为439ind./m2和115.14g/m2。与20世纪80年代钦州湾茅尾海调查结果相比,平均栖息密度有所升高,但是平均生物量却有较大程度的降低。底栖动物群落的丰富度指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）和均匀度指数（J′）平均值分别为4.01、1.80和0.73,水平不高。用SPSS软件将各站大型底栖动物的平均密度、平均生物量、多样性指数等生态特征值与水深等理化因子进行了Pearson相关分析,结果表明春季各特征指数与环境因子相关性不显著;夏季丰度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均与水深呈显著负相关,种类数、丰富度和多样性指数与沉积物pH呈显著负相关;秋季密度与硫化物呈显著正相关;冬季生物量与硫化物和有机质均呈显著正相关。     

我国农田生态系统土壤动物生态学研究进展

综述了我国近30年来农田生态系统土壤动物生态学研究进展,概述了我国农田土壤动物的群落多样性及其地理分布,总结了农田生态系统中土壤动物对不同耕作方式、施肥和喷洒农药等农业措施、不同土地利用方式以及工业污染的响应,并就土壤动物对农田生态系统健康状况的指示作用等研究的相关进展进行了讨论.通过与国外相关领域的研究进行比较,指出目前研究中存在的问题,提出农田生态系统未来研究的一些热点问题及展望.     

黄海鱼类组成、区系特征及历史变迁

本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所标本馆馆藏标本、采集记录及相关文献资料,分析了黄海鱼类的种类组成、区系特征和历史变迁.结果表明:黄海海域共出现鱼类113科321种.从适温类型来看,暖温性种类最多,有139种;暖水性种类次之-107种;冷温性种类70种;冷水性种类5种.从栖所类型来看,绝大多数为大陆架浅水底层鱼类,有193种,大陆架岩礁性、大陆架浅水中上层、大陆架浅水中底层、大陆架大洋洞游性中上层和大洋深水底层鱼类分别为41、34、29、15和9种.纵观历史文献资料,发现黄海鱼类群落结构和数量发生了很大变化,目前以鳀鱼占绝对优势,传统经济鱼类如小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)、太平洋鲱(Clupea pallasii)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、鲐(Scomber japonicus)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、镰鲳(ampus　echinogaster)、鲆鲽类等在渔获物中所占的比例降低,昔日占优势的大型经济鱼类,逐渐被小黄鱼幼鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)、方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)、玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)等经济价值较低的种类所取代,鱼类物种多样性和资源量呈下降趋势.因此,加强黄海渔业资源管理和多样性保护工作显得尤为重要.