贵州麻阳河黑叶猴秋季主要食物营养分析及对食物选择的影响

2009年9～11月,采集贵州麻阳河黑叶猴取食较多的23种主要食物及取食较少的14种非主要食物,用称重法、凯氏定氮法、酸碱洗涤法及范式洗涤法分析各独立样本的水分、粗蛋白、粗纤维和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的营养含量,计算相应的粗蛋白/酸性洗涤纤维(PROT/ADF)比值,并将所得到的各样本的营养含量与相应的秋季取食比例进行...     

Behavioral responses of two Malaysian primates (Hylobates lar andPresbytis melalophos) to selective logging: Vocal behavior,territoriality, and nonemigration

The durations of logging operations may be regarded as critical periods in which primates will be required to make rapid adjustments in behavioral patterns. Primates are extremely difficult to observe during logging operations, but their behavioral response may be interpreted from analysis of calling patterns. In Hylobates lar,increased calling frequencies of groups may be indicative of intruder pressure, as may reduced calling frequencies of animals which are avoiding confrontation with conspecifics or avoiding detection by loggers. In Presbytis melalophosthe function of calling is to mediate intergroup avoidance, such that differential calling frequencies would not be expected. Where reduction in calling occurs it is probably directed toward concealment from loggers. Groups do not emigrate from active logging areas and movement outside of established territories occurs only to a very limited extent.     

Group composition,home range,and diet of the maroon leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) at Tanjung Puting Reserve,Central Kalimantan,Indonesia

Maroon leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) were studied at the Orangutan Research Conservation Project study area at the Tanjung Puting Reserve in Central Indonesian Borneo for approximately 15 months in 1974, 1975, and 1977. Over 250 observation hr involving 300 encounters with the monkeys were logged. Troop size ranged from three to eight individuals in the nine troops surveyed with only one adult male being present in each troop. Home range size varied from 0.33 km² to 0.99 km² and correlated with troop size. Forty-six different food types were observed eaten by the maroon leaf monkeys; of these foods, 52% consisted of fruits, 36% of leaves, and 12% of flowers.     

Troop history,female reproductive strategies and timing of male change in Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus

Female reproductive data are presented from 9 years of longitudinal observations on two troops of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) living around Jodhpur, India. On the basis of 89 live births interbirth intervals were calculated to examine the effect of demographic factors on reproductive behaviour and troop composition. Sex of an infant seems to influence the length of intervals which are longer after the birth of female infants at an average of 1.7 months. It is suggested that this may be an outcome of differential maternal investment by allocating more time and energy towards female infants who run a higher mortality risk than male infants, at least up to an age of 27 months. Troopspecific interbirth intervals are influenced by social events. If the last infant is still alive when the next one is conceived, the intervals are significantly longer than after the premature loss of an infant (Bijolai troop: 15.6 vs. 12.1 months; Kailana-1 troop: 16.7 vs. 11.4 months). During undisturbed male tenureship intervals are shorter than after a male change (Bijolai troop: 14.3 vs. 16.0 months; Kailana-I troop: 15.6 vs. 17.5 months). Thus the frequency of male changes can influence the demography of a troop. Furthermore, the data suggest that take-overs are optimally timed by males. New males tend to take over a troop when most of the females are cycling.     

The occurrence of twins and accompanying behavioural changes in the banded langur,Presbytis melalophos

The occurrence of twins in arboreal Old World monkeys and apes is extremely rare. A wild adult femalePresbytis melalophos, however, gave birth to female twins. This stimulated many patterns of behaviour which were rare or absent when single infants were born. Allomothering increased greatly and maltreatment of twins by allomothers was common, even though this was never observed with single infants. Results indicate that the amount of allomothering inP. melalophos is normally controlled by the mother rather than by potential allomothers. The behaviour of the twins also differed from that of single infants. Except when they were taken by allomothers, the twins moved away from their mother much less than did single infants by their second month of life.     

Birth dynamics in Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus of Jodhpur,India

Ten years data on birth peak, birth rate and interbiith interval inPresbytis entellus of Jodhpur have been presented. Although Hangman langur females breed round the year, there is some concentration of births during January–March while fewer births occur during October–December. It seems that provisioning and crop raiding together may provide better feeding opportunities to breed year round. However, it remains unclear whether environmental factors allow langur females to deliver more infants during January–March. During 1984–86 the birth rate was uniform for the whole population (0.63). While there was a variation within the troops from year to year, data suggest that resident male replacements do alter birth rate. It goes down when resident males are replaced frequently. The interbirth interval ranges between 7.0 and 76.5 months (average, 16.88 months;n = 112). Abortions and still-births reduced the interbirlh interval to 7.1 months (range 7.1-21.1; average, 11.4 months;n= 8) compared to the normal inlerbirth interval following infant survive its first 4.1 months of life (range 10.7-76.5 months; average, 17.28 months;n = 86). However, infant loss under the age of 4.1 months did not reduce the interbirth interval except in two cases (range 7.0-51.8 months; average, 17.27 months;n = 18). Maternal rejection or weaning begins at about 8 months of age and lasts until infants are 12 months old. In this population, the probability of twin births was worked out to be 0.79 per 100 births.     

Departure of juvenile malePresbytis entellus from the natal group

Five bisexual groups (four unimale and one multimale) were studied at Ambagarh Reserve Forest from 1985 to 1987 in relation to factors influencing departures of male juveniles from their natal troops. Of 20 male juveniles observed, 11 left their natal groups, 4 died or disappeared, and 5 remained. The male juveniles left their natal groups only after a takeover by a new adult male. The weaned juvenile males either were chased away by the new adult male or left voluntarily.     

Taxonomy and distribution ofPresbytis melalophos group in Sumatera,Indonesia

Taxonomy of thePresbytis melalophos group in Sumatera has been based solely on the distinction in the pelage coloration and has been a subject of controversy. In the present study, extensive field observations were undertaken. Three species, i. e.P. melalophos, P. thomasi, andP. femoralis, are recognized in Sumatera based on the cranial morphology, pelage coloration, and vocalization. Subspecies of each species are revised, a new classification is proposed, and a new subspecies,Presbytis melalophos bicolor, is described. A detailed distribution map of species and subspecies is presented. No sympatry occurs between the species. Finally, a cladistic analysis is presented for the three species, based on the cranial characters; the branching sequence is first between theP. melalophos clade and theP. femoralis- P. thomasi clade and second between theP. femoralis clade and theP. thomasi clade.     

Feeding and ranging patterns of forest hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)

The feeding and ranging patterns of a troop of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) were studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, central Indian Highlands for 1850 hr (1981–1982), in a mosaic of moist deciduous forest and anthropogenic meadow. The location, size, and species of each tree within the 74.5-ha troop annual range was known and the phenology of all tree species was sampled. According to scan sampling, the troop spent 25.7% of the daytime feeding, with range use concentrated on an island of dry deciduous forest. Whereas adjacent troops occupied only the periphery of the focal troop's range, all-male bands occupied its center, especially during takeover and infanticidal attacks. The troop consumed items from 60 of the 67 species of trees and woody climbers available; mature leaves (34.9% of feeding time), fruits (24.4%), leaf buds (10.6%), flowers and flower buds (9.5%), young leaves (3.6%), insects (3.0%), and gum (1%). The monthly utilization of fruit, open leaf buds, and flower buds is correlated significantly with their abundance, and the troop spent significantly more time feeding and less time moving when consuming mature leaves. Comparison of tree dispersion and langur ranging patterns suggests that the distribution of the most important food trees is a major influence on their range use.