社会竞争失败病因学的抑郁症树鼩模型

抑郁症是一种常见精神疾病,主要表现为持续两周以上的情绪低落。世界卫生组织预测在2030年抑郁症的疾病负担将高居所有疾病、伤残总负担的榜首。抑郁症面临三大难题:1)发病机理不完全清楚,因而缺乏有效的预测预防途径和生物学诊断;2)现有单胺类抗抑郁症药物起效慢,也可能导致患者自杀风险增加;3)缺乏副作用小的非单胺类快速起效抗抑郁症药物。针对这三大难题,长期以来,应用抑郁症啮齿类模型的众多研究并未取得实质性进展,至少部分因素归咎于啮齿类与人类大脑功能的极大种属差异。树鼩是灵长类近亲,具有更接近于人类的大脑功能。本文针对抑郁症发病机理假说、临床表象和抗抑郁症药物疗效等内容,综述了社会竞争失败病因学的抑郁症树鼩模型可能会具有更好的疾病同源性、表象一致性和药物预见性。这一被长期忽视的抑郁症树鼩模型尽管还需要进一步完善,但对其进一步深入研究可能为解决抑郁症的三大难题提供了一条新途径。     

VGF及其衍生肽

神经肽VGF广泛存在于中枢神经系统和外周神经系统中,在垂体、肾上腺髓质、胃肠内分泌细胞和胰岛B细胞中亦有表达。神经细胞／内分泌细胞表达VGF多肽受到神经营养因子、神经元活性等因素的调控。目前证实,VGF及其衍生肽参与生物体的能量平衡、新陈代谢以及生殖发育等的凋节。在神经系统变性病及情感性精神障碍的相关研究也日益受到关注。本文就神经肽VGF及其衍生肽的生化、生理特性及病理生理作用做一综述。     

汶川地震救援人员创伤后应激反应特征的初步研究

目的:探讨5.12汶川地震军队救援人员创伤后应激损伤状况。方法:采用创伤后压力诊断量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷,在地震爆发后65天左右,对107名执行运输遗体任务的官兵进行了测量。结果:PTSD症状轻度的占84%,中重度的占15%。其中症状在1个月内消失的占63%。从症状的分布来看,闯入性回忆占36.4%,回避29.9%,过度警觉29.9%,焦躁不安或易怒37.4%,入睡困难、睡眠易醒或早醒43.9%,难以集中注意力45.8%,对重要的活动兴趣下降32.7%。救援人员抑郁症状得分低于全国常模水平;焦虑自评量表得分与全国常模差异不显著。睡眠质量差的占72%,以入睡时间长和日间功能降低为主。结论:担任遗体运输的救援官兵在救援早期普遍存在创伤后应激反症状,症状程度较轻,多数在1个月内消失,焦虑和抑郁症状水平的总体状况也比较低,但普遍存在睡眠质量差的问题,并且直接影响到日间功能。     

Japan’s Hidden Youths: Mainstreaming the Emotionally Distressed in Japan

One of the most talked-about social issues in Japan in recent years has been the problem of the nation's purportedly one million "hidden" youths, known as hikikomori (literally, "the withdrawn"). Most observers agree that the category of hikikomori encompasses a wide range of problems and provocations. The fact that these various dilemmas lead to the shared outcome of shutting oneself away at home is the point of departure here. The article explores the spheres of mental health care, education and family, focusing on the reluctance to highlight underlying psychological dimensions of hikikomori and the desire on the part of schools and families to "mainstream" Japanese children, accommodating as many as possible within standardized public education. Hikikomori can perhaps be seen as a manifestation of Japanese democracy, in which the good society is imagined as cohesive, protective and secure, rather than one in which the individual can freely exercise the right to be different. Schools, families and the sphere of mental health care have focused on producing social inclusion but have discouraged citizens from being labeled as "different" -- even when such a distinction might help them. The dearth of facilities and discourse for caring for the mentally ill or learning disabled is, in many respects, the darker side of Japan's successes. Those who cannot adjust are cared for through the institutions of families, companies and various other spheres that offer spaces to rest and to temporarily "drop out"; however, the expectation is that rest will eventually lead to a re-entry into mainstream society. Often the psychological problem or disability that led to the problem goes unnamed and untreated (hikikomori, psychiatry, special education, youth, family, Japan).     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷D1井白垩纪-古近纪微体古生物地层及沉积环境

高邮凹陷D1井富含介形虫、轮藻和孢粉等化石。通过系统的微体古生物分析,首次对该地区白垩纪一古近纪微体古生物地层进行了精确划分,从下到上共建立11个化石组合：其中介形虫4个,轮藻4个,孢粉3个。文中还简要探讨了沉积环境演变,为该地区油气勘探提供有力的生物地层依据。     

Endogenous opiates: 2000

This paper is the twenty-third installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2000 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.     

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION: DO WE HAVE ANY SOLID EVIDENCE OF INTEREST TO CLINICIANS?

Due to the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depressive disorder, it has been difficult to elucidate its pathophysiology. Current neurobiological theories with the most valid empirical foundation and the highest clinical relevance are reviewed with respect to their strengths and weaknesses. The selected theories are based on studies investigating psychosocial stress and stress hormones, neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neurocircuitry, neurotrophic factors, and circadian rhythms. Because all theories of depression apply to only some types of depressed patients but not others, and because depressive pathophysiology may vary considerably across the course of illness, the current extant knowledge argues against a unified hypothesis of depression. As a consequence, antidepressant treatments, including psychological and biological approaches, should be tailored for individual patients and disease states. Individual depression hypotheses based on neurobiological knowledge are discussed in terms of their interest to both clinicians in daily practice and clinical researchers developing novel therapies.     

Effects of total flavonoids of raspberry on perimenopausal model in mice

To study the effect of raspberry total flavonoids on perimenopausal model in mice. Blank group, sham operation, and the rest of the mice made the menopausal model. Choose 72 mice castrated completely random divided into 6 groups for the experiment, respectively: model group, gengnianan (GNA) capsule group, soybean isoflavone soft (SIS) capsule group, high, mid and low dose group of total flavonoids of raspberry (TFR). Animals in each group were given the corresponding drugs tenth days after operation, and were given intragastrical administration of once a day for continuous administration of 21 days. Each group of mice in the administration of 18 days to determine the number of autonomic activities within 5 min, in the administration of 19–20 days to determine the incubation of the mice first entry into the darkroom and the number of shocks into the darkroom within 5 min. At 2 h after the last administration (fasting for 12 h), mice were sacrificed and serum was collected. Serum levels of E2, T, LH and FSH were measured. Dissect the uterus, uterus, thymus and spleen. Weigh the wet weight and calculate the organ index, the morphological changes of uterus, thymus and spleen were observed. The results showed that the TFR had a good therapeutic effect on the perimenopausal model of mice after giving a high, mid and low dose of raspberry flavonoids for some time.     

Improving psychometric assessment of the Beck Depression Inventory using Multidimensional Item Response Theory

We studied the latent factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) under the light of Multidimensional Item Response Theory models. Under a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo setting, we chose the most adequate model, estimated its parameters and verified its fit to the data. An evaluation of the inventory in terms of the assumed dimensions seems to agree with previous investigations in the factor structure of the BDI present in the literature. Cognitive and somatic‐affective latent traits were identified in the analysis making possible the interpretation of symptom evolution along these dimensions, in terms of probability of their appearance.     

Effects of Insulin and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on Brain Norepinephrine Metabolism in Rats

Administration of insulin (2 IU/kg, i.p.) produced a significant decrease (18%) in forebrain norepinephrine and a significant increase in the major metabolite of norepinephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4, +19%) in rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes produced the opposite effects, resulting in an increase in forebrain norepinephrine (+17%) and a decrease in MOPEG-SO4 (-26%). In addition, insulin increased (+143%) and diabetes decreased (-41%) the turnover rate of norepinephrine, as measured by the rate of decrease of norepinephrine following inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. All of these effects in diabetic rats were reversed by insulin replacement therapy. These data are discussed within the context of mood disorders characteristic of diabetic patients.