杜仲内生真菌DZ05的鉴定及抗菌生物活性研究

结合菌株的形态学特征和ITS序列分析结果,对1株分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05进行鉴定,并对其在PDA液体培养基摇床培养3 d获得的发酵液对多种测试菌进行抗菌活性研究。结果显示:(1)分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05经形态学特征和ITS序列分析,被鉴定为淡紫色拟青霉。(2)其发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对6种测试细菌和9种测试植物病原菌均具有明显的抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径在13～45 mm之间,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和苹果炭疽病菌抑菌圈直径＞40 mm。研究表明,杜仲内生真菌DZ05的代谢产物具有广谱的抗菌活性,在植物病原菌的生物防治领域具有较大的应用前景。     

Isolation of nematophagous fungi from eggs and females of Meloidogyne spp. and evaluation of their biological control potential

Fungi were isolated from Meloidogyne spp. eggs and females on 102 field-collected root samples in China. Of the 235 fungi isolated (representing 18 genera and 26 species), the predominant fungi were Fusarium spp. (42.1% of the isolates collected), Fusarium oxysporum (13.2%), Paecilomyces lilacinus (12.8%), and Pochonia chlamydosporia (8.5%). The isolates were screened for their ability to parasitise Meloidogyne incognita eggs in 24-well tissue culture plates in two different tests. The percentage of eggs parasitised by the fungi, the numbers of unhatched eggs and alive and dead juveniles were counted at 4 and 7 days after inoculation. The most promising fungi included five Paecilomyces isolates, 10 Fusarium isolates, 10 Pochonia isolates and one Acremonium isolate in test 1 or test 2. Paecilomyces lilacinus YES-2 and P. chlamydosporia HDZ-9 selected from the in vitro tests were formulated in alginate pellets and evaluated for M. incognita control on tomato in a greenhouse by adding them into a soil with sand mixture at rates of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w). P. lilacinus pellets at the highest rate (1.6%) reduced root galling by 66.7%. P. chlamydosporia pellets at the highest rate reduced the final nematode density by 90%. The results indicate that P. lilacinus and P. chlamydosporia as pellet formulation can effectively control root-knot nematodes.     

Preparation of Optically Pure cis-2,4-Dimethyl-l-cyclohexanones,the Key Intermediates in Cycloheximide Synthesis,Using Microbial Resolution

Asymmetric hydrolysis of acetate (10) of (±)-t-2,t-4-dimethyl-r-l-cyclohexanol with Bacillus subtilis var. niger gave (?)-(lS,2S,4S)-2,4-dimethyl-l-cyclohexanol (6a) and (+)-(1R,2R,4R)-acetate (10b) with high optical purities. Optically pure (?) and (+)-alcohols (6a and 6b) were prepared via corresponding 3,5-dinitrobenzoates. Oxidation of alcohols (6a and 6b) with chromic acid gave optically pure (?)-(2S,4S) and (+)-(2R,4R)-2,4-dimethyl-l-cyclohexanones (2a and 2b), respectively.     

一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群

采用6种不同的培养基,分别于25℃、32℃、42℃以及50℃培养分离从而对某一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群进行研究.从酒曲中共分离得到886株丝状真菌,分属于接合菌,子囊菌和无性型真菌的20属,45种.其中最为丰富的是无性型真菌(28种),其次是接合菌(10种)和子囊菌(7种).对发酵起主要作用的为那些嗜热和耐热的种属,包括:宛氏拟青霉,伞枝梨头霉,梳棉状嗜热丝孢菌,微小根毛霉,金孢霉属一种和红曲属的几个种.文中还对一些在发酵中起重要作用的丝状真菌的特性进行了探讨.     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液的成分组成与急性毒性分析

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉是从新鲜的冬虫夏草上分离获得的虫草菌,可采用生物发酵制备大量菌丝体。该菌丝体具有和冬虫夏草相似的活性成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种功效。本研究对干燥后的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液的主要成分进行了分析,结果显示：干燥后的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液含粗脂肪21.33%,总蛋白27.34%,水解氨基酸16.79%,粗多糖11.16%,不饱和脂肪酸71.21%,其中以油酸、亚油酸为主;该干燥发酵滤液中还含有多种核苷类物质、多糖等生物活性成分以及多种人体必需的矿质元素。此外急性毒性实验的初步结果表明：小鼠在实验期内无死亡现象和明显的中毒反应,主要脏器的形态学正常;谷草转氨酶（AST）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性与对照组相比无统计学差异。蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液有望在医药和保健领域进一步研究开发。     

Influence of culture conditions on production and freeze-drying tolerance of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus blastospores

With the goal of developing a defined medium for the production of desiccation-tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, we evaluated the impact of various media components such as amino acids, carbohydrates, trace metals and vitamins on hyphal growth and sporulation of P. fumosoroseus cultures and on the freeze-drying tolerance of blastospores produced under these conditions. A comparison of 13 amino acids as sole nitrogen sources showed that glutamate, aspartate, glycine and arginine supported biomass accumulations (12–16 mg ml⁻¹) and blastospore yields (6–11 × 10⁸ blastospores ml⁻¹) comparable to our standard production medium which contains casamino acids as the nitrogen source. Using glutamate as the sole nitrogen source, tests with various carbohydrates showed that P. fumosoroseus grew best on glucose (18.8 mg biomass ml⁻¹) but produced similar blastospore concentrations (7.3–11.0 × 10⁸) when grown with glucose, glycerol, fructose or sucrose. P. fumosoroseus cultures grown in media with sodium citrate or galactose as the sole carbohydrate produced lower blastospore concentrations but more-desiccation-tolerant spores. Zinc was the only trace metal tested that was required for optimal growth and sporulation. In a defined medium with glutamate as the nitrogen source, vitamins were unnecessary for P. fumosoroseus growth or sporulation. When blastospores were freeze-dried in the absence of a suspension medium, residual glucose (>2.5% w/v) was required for enhanced spore survival. Thus, a defined medium containing basal salts, glucose, glutamate and zinc can be used to produce optimal concentrations of desiccation-tolerant blastospores of P. fumosoroseus. Received 27 October 1998/ Accepted in revised form 06 May 1999     

A Paecilomyces fumosoroseus mutant over-producing chitinase displays enhanced virulence against Bemisia tabaci

A Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain was mutagenized by u.v. Among 200 colonies, one mutant (M84), showed a large and stable chitin hydrolysis-halo. Glucose consumption and biomass production were similar for M84 and the parental strain. Chitinase was inducible by chitin and repressed by glucose in both strains but, when they were grown on minimal medium plus colloidal chitin as sole carbon source, the parental and M84 strains yielded 198 and 690 mol N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. This results indicate that the mutant strain synthesized a chitinase with a higher activity. Bioassays against Bemisia tabaci nymph, showed that M84 incited a 2-fold higher incidence of disease compared to the parental strain.     

Brefeldin A,a cytotoxin produced by Paecilomyces sp. and Aspergillus clavatus isolated from Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis

Paecilomyces sp. and Aspergillus clavatus, which were isolated from Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis from southeast China, produced toxic metabolites when grown in liquid culture. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, infrared spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and X-ray analysis identified brefeldin A, a bioactive metabolite produced by a number of fungal species belonging to the genera Alternaria, Ascochyta, Penicillium, Curvularia, Cercospora and Phyllosticta. This is the first report of the isolation of the cytotoxin from Paecilomyces sp. and A. clavatus. The relevance of brefeldin A to the association between these fungi and their host plants is discussed.     

淡紫拟青霉在大豆根际的定殖及对根际微生物的影响

温室实验证明淡紫拟青霉M－14菌株发酵液对大豆种子包衣,无菌土中种植1周后有1／10的生防菌能够在大豆根际定殖,其中内根际（根表与根内）可检测到菌剂包衣量的1／1000．第2周时内根际菌量提高10倍以上,4周后有所下降。2％NaClO表面消毒后,检测出植物根内也有少量淡紫拟青霉存在。大豆胞囊线虫感病土中,该菌3周后开始大量增殖。病土中引入菌剂,1周后根际其它各种微生物数量略有减少,真菌、细菌、放线菌分别减少16％、27％和27％,4周时均达到平衡,与对照一致。     

淡紫拟青霉胞外多糖的分离、纯化及结构分析

淡紫拟青霉NH-PL-03菌株的胞外多糖粗提物对枯萎病病原菌-尖孢镰刀菌具有较好的抑制效果,文中对淡紫拟青霉胞外多糖进行了分离纯化和结构分析,以期为其构效关系研究奠定基础。采用乙醇沉淀法从淡紫拟青霉发酵液中提取粗多糖,经Sevage法脱蛋白后,过Superdex-G75凝胶层析柱分离得到胞外多糖EP-1。紫外分光法和Sephacryl S-200 HR凝胶层析柱检测EP-1为均一多糖,Sephacryl S-200柱层析测得EP-1的分子量为35.2 kDa,完全酸水解后纸层析检测EP-1的单糖组成中仅有葡萄糖,红外光谱、高碘酸氧化和Smith降解结果表明EP-1的化学结构是以β-(1,3)糖苷键连接而成的无分枝的葡聚糖。刚果红络合试验表明EP-1在稀的碱溶液中以3股螺旋构象存在。